Organizational Change and Development

In the past, people have been treated the organization as a closed system, that is to say, organizational behavior and performance are the results from unilateral decision by managers, ignoring the existence of the environment. However, as an open system, the organization and its external environment are interaction and mutual penetration. Environment should be seen as the organizational material, energy, the ultimate resource of information and the key to organization renewal. This paper will discuss the contribution of environmental determinist theories by interpreting Institutional Theory, Population Ecology, Resource Dependence Theory and Business Ecosystem Theory. 2. Institutional theory Starting from the sociological system theory, institutional theory focuses on the isomorphism and similar between organizations, and put it down to the requirements of the institutional environment outside the organization. (Tidd, 2001) In institutional theory, the organization faces with two different environments: technical environment and institutional environment. Technological environment requires the organization must be efficient and organized by the principle of maximum production, while the institutional environment requires organizations must be legitimacy. Meyer and Rowen pointed out that many organizations even had to have the internal operations separated from organizational structure in order to reduce the negative impact from the institutional environment requests on the efficient operation. DiMaggio and Powell further put forward three mechanisms lead to convergence of the organizational type and organizational behavior. Camarinha-Matos, & Afsarmanesh, 2007)The first one is forcing mechanisms, such as government regulations and cultural expectations. The second one is imitation mechanism. When faces with uncertainty problem, organizations tend to adopt the solution used by other organizations in the same organizational field. The last one is regulatory mechanisms, which comes from development and complication of professional networ ks in professional training, and organizational field. Sequential studies take a large number of empirical analyses on the mechanism above. Take Galaskiewicz and Wasserman for example, they confirmed the importance of networking to the mechanism of imitation. They noted that, although the successful organization may be easy to become the object of imitation, the organization managers tend to imitate the organization they trust, such as those that have the interpersonal association with their own organization.

Husayn-McMahon Essay

McMahon-Hussein Correspondence refers to an exchange of letters between Sharif Husayn Ibn Ali of Mecca and Sir Henry McMahon of Britain detailing the future of the Arab world in the face of a possible annexation by the Ottoman Turks. The background to this communication can be traced to early 1914 when Sharif Husayn’s son, Amir, paid a visit to the then British Consular in Egypt, Lord Kitchener, seeking British assurance that they would offer their support incase Arabs opted to revolt against Turkey. While at first Kitchner was reluctant to make any commitment, his successor in the region, McMahon, upon sensing the dwindling British fortunes in the Middle East, made hefty promises to garner the Arabs support during the First World War. It is during this period that McMahon would initiate correspondence with Husayn. The Husayn family emerged to be an influential force in the Middle East as it lay claim to be the descendant of Muhammad and held the mantle leadership of a number of kingdoms in the region (Daly 215). The issue of McMahon-Hussein correspondence has emerged highly controversial and is held to be at the core of the crisis in the Middle East. It is regarded as an important correspondence by the Palestinians as it was seen as a commitment by the British of granting them independence. In these series of letters, Husayn had asked for Arabs independence, he outlined these areas to be the Arabian Peninsula, Palestine and Iraq amongst others. McMahon on the other hand made a commitment to ensure the independence of a number of territories which would not damage the existing cordial relations with France. Arabs in the Middle East have maintained that British had promised independence to the Palestinians; on the other hand, Britain claims that this was merely a declaration of intent that was not legally binding and cannot be used to lay claim of independence to the Palestinians (Mack 123).

Ambrose Bierce’s short story “Chickamauga” Essay

Ambrose Bierce’s Chickamauga is a disillusioned child’s awakening. Literally, a six year old deaf boy is thrown into a most horrifically traumatic series of events. His story is relayed in the third person omniscient perspective through the eyes of the child as well as an elder. It takes place during the Civil War in a southern town. Chickamauga begins with the boy’s entrance into the forest where he goes to play solitarily. With him he carries a toy wooden sword with which he battles imaginary enemies to their deaths. Lost in his adventure the boy grows tired and falls asleep between two rocks deep in the woods. While he is a sleep a battle occurs unbeknownst to him. Several hours later the child wakes up and notices alien figures crawling towards him. Without knowing the gravity of the situation occurring before his oblivious eyes, he makes a game of it all. The child assumes a leader position for what he has finally determined to be men, and guides them towards a red light. The red light turns out to be his house on fire. When the child finally reaches the fire he is particularly amused by the raging spectacle. He searches desperately for fuel and finally commits his toy sword to the fire. Suddenly the boy realizes that fire is his own home. Horrified he studies the ghastly scene. He then stumbles upon his brutally murdered mother. The small child gets extremely upset, and at this point the reader learns that child is a deaf-mute. The story can be divided into three essential stages, representational of the boy’s progression from innocence to forced maturity. The boy advances through innocence, progression to familiarity with reality, and awakening. The small child enters the forest joyfully and carelessly, he leaves with tremendous fear, depression, and realization. The forest is symbolic of middle ground between innocence and h orrible reality. The six year old enters the forest as an innocent child with no experience in reality. All of his days until this one have been a candy coated fantasy. He’s spent numerous hours reading and learning about the glories and fairy tale aspects of war with his father. This little boy was born into warrior-blood. All of his predecessors were soldiers including his father. He enjoyed learning about war. However, the fatal mistake of this six year  old little boy’s life was his active interest in combat. It was his interest which led him deep into the forest playing, battling fantasy foes. His fight, his game, his reality until this point in his life was fabricated. The reader gets a real sense of his naivety when he encounters a rabbit and is terrified. Maybe the child has never seen a rabbit before, or maybe he has seen one viewed in a dark light. All facts of this boy’s life until this fateful journey into the woods have been given to him. The knowledge he possessed was second hand; it seems as though he’d never experienced anything himself. His father had delivered all of the information the boy held through books, which ironically glorified war. This child’s tragic encounter with war was so foreign and inconceivable to him that when it so brutally hit him he doesn’t even realize it. The woods in Chickamauga symbolize the cruelty of reality. At his entrance into the forest, this completely innocent six year old begins his journey towards the horrors that await him. When the boy is in the forest he cries himself asleep, terrified of the new and unfamiliar paths he’s traveled. While he’s asleep a battle occurs and his house is set on fire. However the child is deaf so he does not hear what is going on. Finally he wakes up to see what look like animals, which in actuality are the soldiers retreating from the battle that has just occurred, and becomes innately curious. He did not understand what they were, he didn’t know whether they were dogs, horses, bears, he had no idea. As they got closer he â€Å"saw little but that these were men, yet crept like babies.† This fact intrigued him. As he inspected the men he laughed at their unfamiliar state, and related them to clowns he’d seen in a circus. Their bloody faces reminded him of the paint on the clowns’ faces. This optimistic association reveals his ignorance of what actually happened. He then recalled that at his home the Negroes had crawled on their hands and knees for his entertainment. He thought it to be a good, fun idea to attempt to â€Å"ride† one of the soldiers. The child gets a thrust into reality when he is thrown off the man and subsequently forced to see his mangled face. When the boy looks at the man he sees â€Å"a face that lacked a lower jaw–from the upper teeth to the throat was a great red gap fringed with hanging shreds of flesh and splinters of bone.† The reader gets a real sense of the child’s naivety when the child is only slightly  disturbed, as he had been with the rabbit. This forces the child to take a slightly more somber view of the situation. However even after this horrific encounter the boy is still fairly oblivious to what is happening. He witnesses death all around him. When the child sees the soldiers lying dead in the water, â€Å"his eyes expanded with wonder; even his hospitable understanding could not accept a phenomenon implying such vitality as that.† It was not in the child’s range of conception to even take in such horror. It is after this encounter with the garbled soldier that the boy catches sight of the red light which guides him to his miserable fate. After obtaining a more serious perception of the state of affairs, the boy positions himself as leader of the soldiers. It seems at this point that the child has gained some insight into reality from the grotesqueness of the bloody soldiers, but still significantly less than a more aware, less naive person would have acquired. This becomes apparent when the boy is at the fire and enjoys its flaring spectacle to no end. The boy is ecstatic and dances with the flames devouring his house. He even tries to fuel it. The boy searches around the yard for objects to throw in, all are too heavy. He is finally forced to surrender his sword. With his sword the child surrenders his innocence. Suddenly with no warning or cause the boy’s disillusion detonates and reality afflicts him. He realizes that the fire is his own house. Horrified at his abrupt realization the boy runs â€Å"with stumbling feet,† frightened at what he is witnessing. At this point he encounters his mother. He sees her with â€Å"the clothing deranged, the long dark hair in tangles and full of clotted blood. The greater part of the forehead was torn away, and from the jagged hole the brain protruded, overflowing the temple, a frothy mass of gray, crowned with clusters of crimson bubbles.† This is his final jolt that forces him to the rock-bottom, ultimate darkness of reality. This sight of his mother, probably raped, brutally murdered jerks him into shock. Traumatized, the young boy â€Å"moved his little hands, making wild, uncertain gestures. He uttered a series of inarticulate and indescribable cries.† This is his horrible awakening. Chickamauga is representational not only of the boy’s awakening, but of human awakening as well. The child’s initial entry into the forest is symbolic of  every journey we take as humans into the unknown. In the forest he acquired immense amounts of insight into what reality could be, but had trouble comprehending the severity of what he was witnessing. It was not until the trauma personally affected him that the small child was struck with what actually happened. This is parallel for most humans in their experiences with trauma. Trauma is real and depressing when it is witnessed personally by someone, but when it is inflicted upon someone we know or love it becomes so intensely real that it is impossible to grasp. This impossible conception is analogous to the small boy’s incoherent cries and gestures at the end. The theft of this child’s innocence was slow and unperceivable in the forest, but most definitely contributed to the final jolt the child felt at the end. The boy slowly progressed towards reality, and when it finally clicked it was appalling.

Independent Sample t-test Using SPSS Coursework

Independent Sample t-test Using SPSS - Coursework Example For this particular case, the samples were collected from the population (total number) of students studying Level 1Business Management at the University, and who took part in an Entrepreneurship Project. Therefore, one would say that the inclusion criterion was for students taking Business at level 1 and undertaking the project. Consequently, two different samples of unknown means were obtained randomly from this population: those who had studied Business previously (At A-level or equivalent), and those who had not. Generally, samples for t-test can be selected from a single population that is divided into two subgroups like our case. In descriptive research, we can define study population based on geographic location or sex, with additional variables and attributes such as our case where we used previous Business study as an attribute to categorize the group.The common statistical procedure is to assume that populations were samples are drawn have equal variances. However, it is im portant to test this assumption because certain statistical tests require equal variances of populations. Levene’s Test, an inferential statistic helps to assess whether variances are equal for two groups. That is, it tests the homoscedasticity or null hypothesis of equal population variances, also called the homogeneity of variance. Consequently, there are three possible instances where testing variance equality is a major concern. The first instance is when drawing inferences about population variances due to scientific interests.

Interactive White Board Use and Its impact on Student Achievement in Dissertation

Interactive White Board Use and Its impact on Student Achievement in Middle School Mathematics - Dissertation Example Some of the advantages of this learning are that it creates a way for students to have positive social learning, has an impact on children’s behavior, and they are able â€Å"to perform miracles† (Northcote et al., 2010, p. 496). IWBs have been accepted for use in a variety of settings and in particular the elementary school. This literature review will discuss the implications of its use around various areas including mathematics and other subjects. Overview of Interactive Whiteboards The interactive whiteboard is a piece of hardware that looks like the regular whiteboards. The difference is that they can be connected to a computer and to a projector so that the teacher can have a more powerful tool to use in the classroom. The whiteboard is unique because the teacher can point to objects on the whiteboard(or use a special pen) instead of using a mouse to control what she is teaching (Pearson Longman, 2011). Anything that is on the computer can also be accessed and dis played on the whiteboard. Software comes with the IWB that can be used to interact with images and text, which means it can be rearranged or the size and color can be changed. There is a volume of literature on the benefits of using these IWBs in the classroom. ... In addition, the IWB also provides a way for teachers to use a flexible process of teaching that can reach all learning styles, provides additional teaching time because using the computer is faster than other methods of teaching, they provide focus for the children and they encourage student participation in the classroom (Koenraad, 2008). According to Hall and Higgins (2005) IWBs represent â€Å"a conglomeration of all previous educational technologies, replacing traditional chalk or whiteboards, televisions, videos, overhead projectors, and personal computers† (p. ) Hall and Higgins also state that IWBs can be sued in the classroom to display video clips, create flip charts, provide handwriting practice and each process can be edited. Beeland (2002) states that â€Å"the touch sensitive board allows users to interact directly with applications without having to be physically at the computer which is projecting the image onto the board† (p. ). These researchers state the advantages of using IWBs and how important they are to the classroom. Levels and States of IWB Use: Pedagogical Issues Technology continues to be a challenge for some teachers because and there is no exception to this in the use if IWBs. Sherry and Gibson (2002) suggest that there are several stages to technology development in a school: Infusion, integration and transformation. In the infusion stage, everyone is excited about these tools and what they can bring to the classroom. The integration stage will gain momentum when teachers actually begin to use the IWB as a learning tool and realize that it is not an isolated piece of software, but that it can be used with the computer and a projector to make their work easier. The

Crital thinking analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Crital thinking analysis - Essay Example The purpose for me to write this report, is to evaluate this piece of writing analytically that will further illuminate the results of my critical thinking. Further this report is intended to serve the purpose of describing, evaluating and analyzing the arguments presented in the article. This report further should be able to inform the Editorial review board, based on a solid analysis that whether the article is worthy of being published in the journal of ‘Advanced Critical Thinking ‘for businesses and why. The major issue outlined in the article is that of the fact that, with the help of a proper restructuring plan, public limited companies can be turned into profitable firms by taking them into private ownerships and restructuring them. . Furthermore, the Example of Blackstone Company is being discussed herein. The Article also highlights the American approach towards such an issue. It also investigates how Foreign Companies listings on the American stock exchange helps gain valuation premium. The Article tends to put forth a question: If the readers think that that a public firm that is to be restructured would be better managed if it would be financed in a better manner. The article outlines the details of Blackstone Company, which is listed with the American Stock Exchange. The Global IPO‘s current position is described. The market in London then in comparison is stated to possess policies and rules that pose lesser personal risk to the directors of companies. How finance experts argue that the American approach is better off is also described briefly. How tighter regulations along with then bring Investor confidence has also been defined and explained. Private equity and the typical Buyout transaction entail hollowing out a public company which is undervalued and restructuring and after a few years selling the company for a profit. The article compares both the American stock exchange and London stock exchange working

Working Mothers in America's Twentieth Century and Beyond A Social Essay

Working Mothers in America's Twentieth Century and Beyond A Social Perspective - Essay Example Women, in general, occupy a secondary or subordinate position in many societies. Plans have been devised to help working mothers overcome their socioeconomic problems and to provide them with equal opportunities. Instead of increasing productivity, development processes have relegated women into economic sectors that limit social and economic mobility. The 20th century has changed lives and destinies of women, their social, economic and political roles in society. Social change raises new issues about the social meaning of adult identity for women. Many women are marrying later, having one child, and having them later in life than their mothers or grand-mothers did. Before 1900, in all-male government circles, employment policies were being developed which catered for a proportion of unemployed working-class men, but which omitted any specific reference to women. Although the attempts of the 'right to work' movement in the decade before the First World War was to force the State to accept responsibility for creating paid employment for unemployed men have been documented. 1980s-1990s brought a change in social relations and political area allowing women greater participation in workforce and labor relations. Thus, at the beginning of the 21st century, the role of working mother is still limited by their social status (as a mother and a wife). The beginning of the 20th century marked a ne... owever, support for limiting the paid employment of wives and mothers also came from members of the employing class, including some whose family fortunes owed much to the employment of married women. his may have partly stemmed from dislike of the fact that working-class women who had economic independence, particularly those living in areas where women's full-time employment was the norm were relatively active in the women's suffrage movement. The women's almost equal pay and better conditions were offset by longer hours of work (Baxandall and Gordon 1995). These would have been problematic for widows with sole responsibility for young children. Conditions on public works for men were made relatively unattractive, through policy-makers' concerns that men should not come to prefer these temporary schemes to their normal employment; but this was not the case on the women's schemes, nor was it seen as a problem. Although in most of the workrooms the women enjoyed better pay and conditi ons than in their usual work, no concern was expressed that women's incentives to move on to paid employment would be undermined. This appears to have been based on a strong resistance to seeing women, even widows, as having a proper place in the labor market (Anderson and Eamon 2005). Before the WWII, social insurance was considered to be societal protection against those risks viewed as beyond the control of the individual, or risks incurred while contributing to the well-being of the society as a whole. At the core of this perspective was concern with the protection of earned income when earnings were lost temporarily or permanently. Maternity benefits for employed women, as a social insurance benefit, were almost as old as sickness benefits, the oldest such benefit. They were

Progress through Cultural Diversity Research Proposal

Progress through Cultural Diversity - Research Proposal Example The slave trade and the racial stigma it affixed to the colored communities are not completely removed from the American community even now. The abolition of slavery has provided better opportunities for the colored people, but it is doubtful whether the political gestures like affirmative action had fulfilled all its objectives when it comes to the idea of equal opportunities. The discontent that remains amongst the dominant communities regarding the implications of affirmative action is evidence for the power-related conflicts that remain among diverse communities. The argument that the reservations available for once-oppressed communities drain the nation of true quality and skill reveals how the prejudices that question the notion of equal opportunities still exist. The question remains whether it is possible to strive for unity through political gestures, or does it have to emerge from a change in perspectives. The notion of retaining the existing unity would be a hypocritical o ne when there needs to be a focused effort to accept diverse cultural factors. The famous black movement of the Harlem Renaissance has in fact contributed towards the artistic and literary richness of America. The innovations of this period like the Jazz have been effectively incorporated into the popular and mainstream culture of the nation. This is evidence enough of the power that cultural diversity possesses.  

Letter of Interest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter of Interest - Essay Example The career as a college professor would allow me to extend to students the same opportunities I received as a graduate student pursuing my Master of Arts Degree. These included attending professional conferences and being selected as a Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) Grant Recipient. In addition, I have been taught by parents and my graduate professors, that whatever I accomplish in life, I should help other students also attain their goals in their lives. While I am teaching, I will focus on the historical perspective of the field of education, as well as my research interest. I strongly feel that research in the field of counseling is vital because the field is constantly changing. Throughout the course of my career, I would like to mentor adolescents as well as adults, who are mentally disabled, by volunteering my time at a community center. Because of my vast experience at Georgia regional and South Carolina Vocational Rehabilitation, I possess the necessary knowledge to teach. I believe that giving back is a strong trait of my character and this perspective about life has motivated me a lot to become a teacher. I treat such an opportunity as the accomplishment of the goals and other objectives that I have set for myself. While undergoing my Masters at South Carolina State University, I was a counselor and mentor for project FLAVA (Families Linked Against Violent Activities). The children were a K-8 grade, varying in age and academic ability. My designated tasks included helping the students to complete their homework, and constructing academic charts to monitor their progress as well as evolving special educational plans so as to offset the areas where students are weak. With the assistance of other individuals, I helped the children to prepare for the Palmetto Achievement Challenge Test (Pact).  

Strategic Issues For Information Security Managers Essay

Strategic Issues For Information Security Managers - Essay Example As on can see, there are various physical elements that go into information security. Information systems play a large role in this. Firewalls are common, as they protect PCs and laptops from viruses on the Internet. Virtual walls are important in order to streamline information and make it suitable for company use. Information systems are one of the key driving forces in information security. Without security there could be no systems. Most prevalent nowadays is the necessity of information security professionals to be on top of problems which deal with breaches of security. Perhaps heard about more recently was the hacker named HackerKroll, an individual who hacked into various corporate accounts at social networking site Twitter. This hacker found a pattern in Twitter's system, also related to Google accounts and Amazon.com accounts, that had an effect on how the system was operated. Passwords for these organizations, as well as Facebook chat, was regarded as unsafe after this uni dentified individual user HackerKroll revealed certain insecurities in not only Twitter's system but other systems as well. The TechCrunch web site displayed a letter written by HackerKroll which went into quite a bit of detail about the information security breaches at Twitter, now known as Twittergate. The reason this problem caused such a stir was because senior advisers at Twitter had had their Twitter accounts hacked, and this also led to a vulnerability in advisers' e-mail accounts as well. This undoubtedly angered many head honchos at Twitter and caused a scandal. The fact that TechCrunch allowed HackerKroll's open letter to be published on its site was widely criticized. "Why would TechCrunch openly give other potential hackers, a.k.a., the public at large, any potential opportunities to hack the system by letting HackerKroll's salient information be released" Technically, one wonders why indeed TechCrunch would have released such a document. Surely, one must think, this is a folly. Why would one hacker's comments about the very system he hacked be allowed to be publicized on the very web site that is supposed to be joined to Twitter at the hip One potential reason that TechCrunch allowed HackerKroll's letter to be displayed on its web site perhaps had something to do with the reason that perhaps releasing this information would somehow trick other hackers into following similar steps that HackerKroll did, thus revealing weaknesses in the system. Inversely, this could also affect potential hackers. If new hackers tried HackerKroll's old tricks, perhaps TechCrunch was phishing for hackers, practically inviting hackers to try what HackerKroll had done-precisely so that Twitter could find and prosecute anyone who had ideas about performing similar actions.

The Jews a History Essay Example for Free

The Jews a History Essay Research Problem 1 1. Discuss the different types of interests and the IRS rule related to the deductibility of each type for tax purposes. Interest is a fee paid by a borrower of assets to the owner as a form of compensation for the use of the assets. There are different types of interests, including investment interest, qualified residence interest, student loan interest, and personal interest, which are either deductible or nondeductible. Personal interests are interests on car loans, credit cards, loans for appliances and furniture and interest on loans made by one person to another. Personal interest is nondeductible. If interest is paid on a qualified student loan, taxpayers may be able to deduct the interest as deduction for AGI. Generally, the allowable amount for student loan is lesser of $2,500 or the amount of interest taxpayer actually paid. Investment interest is interest paid on money borrowed to purchase or hold investment property. It is tax deductible on income tax return up to the amount of the net investment income. However, if the interest is incurred to produce tax exempt income, it cannot be deducted. Investment interest is not any qualified home mortgage interest or any interest taken into account in computing income or loss from a passive activity. The qualified residence interest is interest taxpayer pays on a loan secured by one’s main home or a second home. The loan may be a mortgage to buy primary home, a second mortgage, a home equity loan, or line of credit. The main home is where taxpayer lives most of the time. A second home is other residence taxpayer owns and treats as a second home. If the second home is rented, taxpayer must also use it as a home during the year for more than the greater of 14 days or 10% of the number of days it’s rented, for the interest to qualify as qualified residence interest. Home equity loan interest usually is nondeductible unless the loan is used to buy, construct, or substantially improve the taxpayer’s qualified residence. 2. Discuss the section of the IRS code that the IRS will use to support its position of disallowing the deduction. According to Publication 17 (2010), Your Federal Income Tax for Individuals, part 5-23, personal interest is expense that is considered not deductible. Personal interests are interests on car loans, credit cards, loans for appliances and furniture and interest on loans made by one person to another. Because Donald did not have $600,000 to pay Marla, he agreed to have the whole amount payable over 10 years at 8% interest. IRS considers the amount as a personal loan that Marla lends to Donald. The interest of the loan falls into categories including in personal interests. Therefore, IRS disallows the interest deduction that Donald claimed as investment interest. 3. Discuss the support that Donald will need to defend his position that the interest is investment related and should be deductible for tax purposes. As agreement between Donald and Marla after divorce, they divided their property equally based on the fair market value of property. As a result, Donald had corporate stock, a commercial building, and a personal residence. In return, Marla got other property. However, Donald’s property had the higher value compare to Marla’s. Because they did not sell their property, Donald believed that all the property owned by him or Marla is considered either investment property or qualified residence. In addition, the amount of $600,000 is the fair market value of their property. Hence, its interest is considered one of his investment interests. As a result, Donald deducted the interest on this Federal income tax return. 4. As a tax expert, recommend a strategy for Donald to use in resolving this difference with the IRS Donald needs to prove that the amount of $600,000 is not the loan that Marla lends him. He can show the property settlement between him and Marla. $600,000 is the difference amount between his and her property value. He, in fact, owned the property which had the higher value. Donald used the interest he made from that higher value’s property to pay Marla every year. Therefore, Donald can file and deduct the interest as his investment interest.

Health and Social Care Communication Essay Example for Free

Health and Social Care Communication Essay The communication cycle was discovered by Argyle in 1972. The cycle consists of six areas, all of these six areas are important during communication, if any of these areas of the cycle are disrupted then the receiver would not understand or may interpret the message wrongly. The first stage to this cycle is to have a starting idea or the code of the message; in this stage the mind processes on how the sentence is going to be told, such as the tone of the voice and also what words will need to be used so that the receiver will interpret the message correctly. The thoughts will be put into the language or into some other code such as sign language. The second stage of how to say what you want to say to make sure the receiver understands what you are saying and interprets it how you are meaning them to. see more:promoting effective communication and relationships in health and social care This means what non-verbal language you are going to use as you are talking so they understand what you mean, also the tone. The tone is the key to how the receiver is going to interpret your message. The third stage to the communication cycle is to say it or to send the message, during this stage you will speak or sign or communicate in some way as long as the message is sent. During this stage the environment around you is the key to making sure the receiver can understand the words that you are saying. For example if you are in a loud room, and you are trying to communicate with another person the receiver is more than likely going to get the message you have sent, wrong because the receiver might not be able to hear all of the words that are said. This means that they will have to assume what words were said to make the sentence make sense. The fourth stage is message received, the receiver here hears or sees the words that you have said, and they have heard you properly and not missed any words out because if they have then this is where the communication goes wrong. The fifth stage is message decoded the receiver now has to interpret your message, e.g. what you have said. This is not always as easy as it seems as the other person will make some assumptions about your body language and the words that you have used. The final stage of the communication cycle is message understood, the final stage is the receiver has to understand what your message is through all the correct non-verbal language, and verbal response, if all goes well the cycle is finished. Tuckman made a theory about group discussions in 1965.Tuckman suggested that nearly all groups go through a process involving four stages when they first meet. The stages are called forming, storming, norming and performing. All these stages make the group become stronger and make sure that they are in the correct group. Forming is the first stage of the theory, so when a group gets together, they introduce themselves to the group. Most people have their best faces on and are polite; people do this because of first impressions. First impressions are important to people in the group because the impression a person sets is what other people expect from that person all of the time. Storming is finding out about each other, find out more about each other what people interest and strengths is, this is also the stage where people brain storm. But this is the stage where most people drop out because they find out that this is not the correct group for them. Norming is where the trust begins, this is the stage where team members support others and listen to other team member’s opinion. Everyone seems to get a sense of belonging and the group is now recognised and identified as a group. The final stage performing is where group members can rely on others on helping them if they are needed, where loyalty is high now. People can go in sub groups to get the work done faster. â€Å"Tuckman then added a fifth stage (Adjourning) in the 1970s to cover the end-game in his explanation of how groups develop.† Adjourning was added to end the group when the group finishes and separates as eventually all groups will separate, when groups separate they might have a party, or they might make plans to what they want to do next in life. Tuckman said after completing his theory: â€Å"Groups initially concern themselves with orientation accomplished primarily through testing. Such testing serves to identify the boundaries of both interpersonal and task behaviours. Coincident with testing in the interpersonal realm is the establishment of dependency relationships with leaders, other group members, or preexisting standards. It may be said that orientation, testing and dependence constitute the group process of forming.† (Wolfwise, 2012) It is important to have effective communication in the work of health and social care because if there isn’t effective communication between doctor and patient then the patient will get confused and overwhelmed. They will just want to walk out. It is important that doctors or nurses do not use jargon whilst talking to a patient as this will affect communication dramatically. If the doctor talks in jargon to a patient in the cycle they will only get to stage four because the patients won’t be able to decode what the doctor has just said this means that this communication is ineffective and this will have affected the patient. But if the doctor used language she understood then the patient would understand and would complete the conversation. There are lots of different types of ways to communicate in a health and social care environment there is: one to one, group, formal, informal, verbal, and written and loads more. All of these ways of communicating is great for health and social care all depending on how you use them all. If you use all these but you use them poorly then this is poor communication but if you use them all well then this is obviously good communication. (Developing effective communication in Health and Social Care. June 2011) Developing effective communication in Health and Social Care.

The Whistleblower: Julian Assange

The Whistleblower: Julian Assange Julian Assange is one of the most famous whistleblowers since 2006. Assange is an Australian citizen and the leader of a group that attacks the secret documents of governments by leaking them. In fact, he managed to leak confidential information and data about global financial transactions between different countries and organizations as well as secret operations regarding military and policies. He also founded WikiLeaks as a website where whistleblowers and hackers could have the ability to put stolen information about organizations without having to mention their real identities. The website as well as Assange started to gain fame in most of the houses all over the world since Chelsea Manning contributed in the leakage of data about the American army. Furthermore, hackers were able to put on WikiLeaks a video about shooting Iraqi citizens, who were not armed, by helicopters that belonged to the United States. This video was named Collateral Murder. Since then, the name of Julian wa s mentioned in many fields including poisonous wastes thrown near Cote dIvoire along with operations and procedures regarding detention in Guantanamo Bay. Christodoulou, holly. (2017, February 8). In 2010, whistleblowers on WikiLeaks were able to release more than two thousand documents regarding diplomatic cables. They managed to get these documents from a source without an identity. In addition, these documents were leaked and released after the spread of Collateral Murder video and the documents related to Iraqi and Afghani Wars in 2010. Both documents exceeded more than four thousand documents. It is said that the leakage of such information and data came from a source that belonged to Bradley Manning. As a matter of fact, Manning is an analyst who used to work in the American Army Intelligence. However, he was imprisoned later. A lot of people ask about whether WikiLeaks was able to release confidential documents before or not. In fact, the answer for such question is yes.   In order to succeed in leaking all these amounts of information, WikiLeaks has passed through three stages directly after being created. It is worth mentioning that the first stage involved the rele ase of documents regarding Kenya about eight years ago. During this period, the responsible persons of the website and its management worked according to a wiki model. This model provided readers and loggers with the ability to put information on the website no matter what this information is or these documents are. On the contrary, the website had the authority to determine the kind of documents and whether to accept them or not. The second stage, through which WikiLeaks moved, included the release of Collateral Murder seven years ago. As a matter of fact, a lot of political organization took that video really seriously since it was considered as a political declaration of the brutality of the United States policies. This video was released in order to show and clarify a certain opinion, not in order to inform public about such point of view. Finally, the third stage included the release of diplomatic documents and labels. This stage is happening right now. WikiLeaks managed to hav e connections and strong relationships with organizations in the field of media and news to be able to collect, analyze and publish political documents through using organized ways instead of throwing such diplomatic cables on the internet or implementing them as a source to show a certain opinion. Zittrain, J. (2010). While Julian and other whistleblowers believe that people all over the world are in deep need of WikiLeaks, the governmental authorities and organizations think the opposite. In fact, Assange thinks that these leakages of documents force the governments to be more open and not to hide any secrets. In addition, they encourage those political organizations to respect the public and their privacy along with showing that they are clear and honest. It has to be taken into consideration the fact that WikiLeaks was an anonymous unknown website unless it succeeded in the release of videos like Collateral Murder and Baghdad Airstrike videos. Unfortunately, Baghdad video was released by the website seven years ago and talked about the murder of two reporters, who used to work in Reuters, by American military forces. On the other side, the case is different for the United States. Officials in the American government had the desire to accuse Assange of betrayal and espionage since he has release d private confidential diplomatic cables regarding Pentagon. Actually, the American government believed in the idea that these documents have resulted in the destruction of its national security and foreign affairs with other powerful countries. The WikiLeaks impact the American business journal. (2016). As for how the United States responded to these leakages, it resorted to the policy of power in order to force WikiLeaks and Assange to return back the hacked documents just after the release of diplomatic cables regarding the Afghani War. Moreover, it started along with the British government to condemn these actions because they thought they could lead to the destruction of peoples lives and their privacy. Moreover, a lot of authorities thought these documents to be very sensitive since it touched a lot of top secret political problems and situations. Universities also in the United States have warned their students not to enter WikiLeaks, read any document or put any data in order not to expose their lives to danger. Finally, it is worth mentioning that governments must be very careful while dealing with confidential documents and secure them well so that they could be able to avoid any kind of hacking or any whistleblower who might think of leaking them. Karhula, P. (2012). References: Karhula, P. (2012). What is the effect of WikiLeaks for freedom of information? Retrieved February 15, 2017, from IFLA, http://www.ifla.org/publications/what-is-the-effect-of-wikileaks-for-freedom-of-information The WikiLeaks impact the American business journal. (2016). Retrieved February 15, 2017, from The American Business Journal, http://www.abjusa.com/features/features_apr_may_11/the_wikileaks_impact_don_t_shoot_the_messenger.html Zittrain, J. (2010). Everything you need to know about Wikileaks. Retrieved February 15, 2017, from https://www.technologyreview.com/s/421949/everything-you-need-to-know-about-wikileaks/ Christodoulou, holly. (2017, February 8). Who is Julian Assange and why is the WikiLeaks founder wanted by Sweden? Retrieved February 15, 2017, from THE SUN, https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/2188164/who-is-julian-assange/

Newark Museum :: Art

ROMAN OBJECTS 1. Various Roman Portrait Heads The portrait of a bearded man is from 150-175a.d. It is from the Antoine Period (138-192a.d.). The portrait is realistic to me because it is a sculpture of someone. My impressions on this are that his beard is kind of wavy. His hose has a piece missing or is just damaged real bad. He is made out of marble. His face looks like he is mad or something, real intense. It also looks like it had cuts in his forehead and part of his eye. His hair looks like a pile of whip cream. GREEK GALLERIES 2. Statue of Kouros The color of the stone of the statue of Kouros I would describe it as beige. The repairs to the statue are all over the body. It has cracks all over the arms, chest, back, etc. his headband is fastened by some thing on his head that looks like beads with spaces throughout them. It is from 590-580b.c during the archaic period. It stands pretty tall and also has a little staggered going on with his right foot back and his left foot up. ART OF MESOAMERICA 3. â€Å"Fat Baby† from Olmec Culture The â€Å"Fat Baby† is during the 9th- 12th century b.c.e., during the Olmec period. The figure is white and hollow. The baby seems to be nibbling on his index finger, seating down with his legs open. It is pretty big meaning fat and looks old. It has a hat on that looks light pink and his lip is pulled back. The baby has no fangs and is cracked. It has a straight line going down his back with designs all over the left side. ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN ART 4. Human-Headed Winged Bull It is from the Neo-Assyran period during 883-859b.c.e. The highest relief would be its head. The writing was all around the statue in a different writing. It is very big and tall. It is on a good portion of the corner of a hallway. It looks kind of cool with a bull’s body with wings and a human’s head on it. The face is kind of funny because of the beard I guess if long and real even. The human-headed wing bull had five legs. ASIAN GALLERIES 5. Standing Buddha The standing Buddha is from the 5th century 319-500b.

How Fish Swim Essay -- physics fish swimming

Water and all forms of water travel have long fascinated man. With his fascination and the realization that humans are ill-suited for water travel that doesn't involve remaining on the surface, an appreciation for a fish's ability to move in three dimensions with relative ease was also devloped. Although we may not fully understand the physics involved how fish swim, it is obvious from the fascination and the breadth of reseach that it will remain a goal of the modern sicientist. A fish's ability to propel itself efficiently through water is paramount to its likelihood to succeed. But before a fish need worry about any of the complications associated with moving through water (hydrodynamic drag, turbulence, buoyancy, etc.) it must first solve the problem of locomotion. The most common method for solving this problem is by muscle contraction and relaxation. The forward thrust force is created by movement of the caudal (tail) fin and varying amounts of the surrounding muscle (up to the entire body for fish that swim similar to eels) in an undulating motion. The importance of this mechanism manifests itself in the fact that 80% of a fish's body is composed of muscle used for propulsion and maneuvering. Since fish live in an environment in which they need to move in three dimensions, buoyancy plays a significant role in determining a fish's ability to swim efficiently. Fish use a couple of different strategies to solve this problem. Denser fish use their pectoral fins to create dynamic lift, similar to planes and birds. As these fish swim, their pectoral fins are positioned in such a way as to create a difference in pressure which allows the fish to maintain a certain depth. The two major drawbacks of ... ... Anjem and Marko, John. University of Illinois, Chicago. Department of Physics http://www.uic.edu/classes/phys/phys461/phys450/MARKO/N004.html Smits, A. "Drag of Blunt and Streamline Bodies" Princeton University. Department of Engineering http://www.princeton.edu/~asmits/Bicycle_web/blunt.html Moore, Bobby and Warren, Michael. "The Bouyancy of Fish and the Physics Behind it" http://kingfish.coastal.edu/physics/projects/2000_fall/fish/ Tu, Xiaoyuan. "Structure of the Dynamic Fish Model". University of Toronto http://www.dgp.toronto.edu/people/tu/thesis/node50.html

Lady Macbeth- Character Changes Throughout The Play :: essays research papers

To metamorphose ones character through years of experience and age is salutary. To deteriorate ones character through a short period of fast decisions and unsure actions is perilous. Lady Macbeth proves the truth to this theory. The impulsive mistakes and power-hungry tactics littered the journey Lady MacBeth paves throughout this play that ultimately ends in her death. She feels overwhelmed by all that is happening, both physically and mentally, and decides to end her own life. The Tragedy of Macbeth, by William Shakespeare illustrates two seemingly ordinary nobles whose lives intertwine in a whirlwind of power, corruption, and the supernatural resulting in their descents. They were both so wrapped up in this greedy world they failed to consider the consequences of their actions more realistically. Macbeth started to succumb to the belief that deeds "must be acted ere they be scann’d,"(III.IV.140). Lady Macbeth in particular loses sight of rationality from the play’s beginning to end. She feigns an image of ruthlessness and believes she can handle the intrusion of unearthly evil in her mind and soul. She presents a seemingly stable foundation of control in which she clutches with an iron fist. As Macbeth becomes less dependent on his wife, she loses more control. She loses control of her husband, but mostly, of herself, proving her vacillating truth. Lady Macbeth’s character gradually disintegrates through a false portrayal of unyielding strength, an unsteady control of her husband and shifting involvement with supernatural powers.Throughout the duration of play Lady Macbeth’s truly decrepit and vulnerable nature is revealed. Lady Macbeth has been the iron fist and authority icon for Macbeth, yet deep down, she never carried such traits to begin with. This duality in Lady Macbeth’s character plays a huge role in planting the seed for Macbeth’s downfall and eventual demise. At the beginning of the play, Lady Macbeth is introduced as a dominant, controlling, heartless wife with an obsessive ambition to achieve kingship for her husband. Her weak, sheltered, unsure and unstable condition is only revealed at the end of the play. However, the audience begins to see hints of this hidden nature by the manner in which Macbeth addresses her. Contrary to her supposed ruthless nature, her husband regards her as a pure being. He attempts to shield her from foreign agencies by saying, â€Å"Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck,† (III.II.45). It is only in private that Lady Macbeth shows her weaknesses.

Aerospace Outsourcing

Title of Assignment: Outsourcing and the AeroSpace Industry Table of Contents The origin of outsourcing in the Aerospace Industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦.. . Page 3 Barriers to entry in the Monopoly and Oligopoly Industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. .Page 4 Types of Outsourcing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . Page 4 The Demand for Outsourcing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . Page 6 S. W. O. T. Analysis of Outsourcing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . Page 7 Gross Domestic Product †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. . Page 9 The future of Outsourcing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Page 10 Is it Outsourcing or Offshoring†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . Page 12 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Page 13 PowerPoint Presentation Slides The origin of Outsourcing in the Aerospace Manufacturing The term outsourcing is frequently used to describe a movement away from vertical integration – moving an activity outside the firm that formally was done within the firm. The term outsourcing also is used to describe an ongoing arrangement where a firm obtains a part or service from an external firm {text:bibliograp hy-mark} . Outsourcing is not a new concept, for hundreds of years businesses have outsourced their needs; however, during the industrial evolution the US economy begun to acquire a greater need for outsourcing as costs of manufacturing became a concern, this move begun in the 1950’s and continued aggressively to the 1980’s and 1990’s as global competition placed a greater strain on the economic growth {text:bibliography-mark} . Outsourcing was not formally identified as a business strategy until 1989 (Mullin, 1996). In the beginning of this acclaimed activity, firms outsourced what was deemed essential; however, as the evolution of outsourcing occured – fueled by the need to ‘cut-cost’ continued, other functions which were important but not relative to the core competencies of the firm begun to be outsource as well. From an economic perspective outsourcing is an industry in itself which can be viewed from a micro-economic and macro-economic perspective, this indicates its demand and supply curve moves in respective directions as the need for it grows or diminishes just as any other markets within an economy. In saying this it can be a very broad subject and can carry large discussions; this paper will deviate towards outsourcing’s role in the commercial aerospace manufacturing industry which begun in 1954 with Boeing and remained dominated by Boeing, Airbus and Bombardier since 1986. Barriers to entry Barriers to entry are one of the key incentives of the monopoly and oligopoly industry. The Aerospace industry, which is dominated by three main players, Boeing, Airbus and Bombardier is considered to be an oligopoly industry, because of the â€Å"Market Power† that is held by these firms. The industry has high fixed cost and is excessively capital intensive and time consuming, which serves as the key restriction not to be attractive for competition. In order to create value and share risk, the industry has fostered the idea of outsourcing. Outsourcing is using the facilities and services of a third party to supply good that would otherwise be created by the organization. Figure 1 details the major difference between a market with perfect competition and one that does not: {draw:frame} Types of Outsourcing The outsourcing framework begins with the decision to ‘make or buy,’ this would lead to ‘_insourcing__’_ (make) or outsourcing (buy). Outsourcing has two major components, ‘_inshoring_’ (in-land) or ‘_offshoring_’ (distant land). Offshoring has three major component, ‘_nearshore__’_ which indicates the work is outsourced to a nearby country to the parent company as opposed to farshoring; whereas, ‘_captive centers__’_ are overseas subsidiaries set-up to serve the parent company {text:bibliography-mark} . The framework of outsourcing can be very complex and arriving at the decisions can cause a material change in the supply curve of a manufacturing firm as the process of outsourcing is very costly and burdensome, if done improperly it can have a an unfavorable ROI. {draw:frame} Jobs outsourced Job functions outsourced fall in two major categories, Information Technology (IT) and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). Under BPO, essential components or parts are being outsourced where it once was manufactured in-house. In the Commercial Aerospace manufacturing industry, it became more prevalent that manufacturing all parts of a commercial airplane was time consuming and costly, this brought about the demand for outsourcing. The demand of outsourcing Outsourcing is an exponential concept in business that has an impact on both the provider and consumer. When this aspect is viewed through the business lenses, the focus is on value creation. The intrinsic benefit of outsourcing is twofold, in that, the consumer gets to reap the benefit of economies of scale, where-as the provider get’s to charge for the product supplied. The exchange of these transactions create value for the parties involved as well as contribute to the participants gross domestic product (GDP). O_ffshoring_ of the general maintenance as well as parts for assembling new airplanes has heightened, which seems to have a negating effect of the domestic manufacturing industry. As airlines have rushed to slash costs, aircraft maintenance outsourcing has increased significantly from 37% of maintenance expenditures for major U. S. airlines in 1996 to 64% in 2007 ( At-A-Glance. 2008 December). The law of demand states that consumer will increase their consumption once there is a benefit to be gained. The increase in demand for outsourcing will result in a downward sloping demand curve, as outsourcing of maintenance continues to decimate the highly skilled aircraft labor force which will eventually have adverse economic effect – reduction in the wetware of the industry. The law of demand – Quantity demanded increases as price reduced {draw:frame} Technical knowledge is being shared with the players of the industry, thereby leading to increase competition in the near future. Boeing's partners in Japan and Italy will be building composite structures that include sophisticated sub-systems that are already certified, tested and ready for final assembly. (Manufacturing and Technology News, Feb 2007). There are benefits to be gained from the new phenomenon, â€Å"Outsourcing†. In the business arena benefits are offset by weaknesses, which need to be evaluated and planned for accordingly. S. W. O. T analysis of outsourcing has economic and financial benefits for the end user. S. W. O. T Analysis of outsourcing – The consumer perspective Financial Benefits No major capital outflow Contractual cost are treated as sunk cost – assist in decision making Less wear and tear on assets – longer life and high ROI Risk is shared with suppliers Lower unit cost Concentrate on creating value to customer No expense is incurred with equipment maintenance Pricing technique is enhanced, Marginal cost is known Variable costs are known which help to allocate resource Plan, coordinate and manage corporate resources An outward shift signifies an increase in demand The financial gains of outsourcing will force firms to build this aspect into their strategy; this will create a shift in demand for the commodity, thereby shifting the curve to the right. An increase in demand will cause shift in demands as oppose to a movement along the curve which is the result of a reduction in price. {draw:frame} Gross Domestic Product of domestic and foreign economy India’s economy is the twelfth largest in the world by nominal value, and ranks fourth in purchasing power parity. In 2008, India had established itself as the world’s second fastest growing major economy. The service industry in India accounts for 62. 6 percent of the country’s GDP followed by the industrial and agricultural sectors which contribute 20 percent and 17. 5 percent. India’s GDP in 2008 was 3. 344 compared to the US GDP which was 1461 in 2008. GDP graph of India and the United States {draw:frame} Outsourcing is the practice of using a service from an outside supplier. There are many pros and cons when it comes to outsourcing; however, many big name airline companies based in the US weigh their opportunities. India has become the leader in outsourcing, gathering interest of companies looking to save money. India is well known for their IT, science, and technology, giving companies like those in the airplane industry a reason to consider outsourcing. Those who wish to outsource reap the benefits of paying lower wages: however, it can come at a cost of language barriers and cultural differences. In some circles the language barrier is considered a pro not a con because many Indian vendors invest money in cross cultural training. There is also the uncertainty of the outsourcing company being able to stay in business. In today’s economy many airlines are using outsourcing by purchasing goods at a lower rate than they would if they were to buy them domestic. Many of the major players in the airline industry are finding it more beneficial to purchase the materials that they are using for their business via outsourcing. The airplane manufacturing industry as a whole is expected to grow between 150 billion and 225 billion by the year 2020 in total offshore engineering. India provides aerospace firms both aircraft design and on board electronics systems such as flight control and engine control. The Future of Outsourcing The future of outsourcing appears to be unswerving as processes will remain available to any firm that needs to utilize the activity. However, there are benefits and challenges to major component of selecting the correct provider. These are _appropriate offshore locations, selections of ideal outsourcing partner, dynamic Challenges and outsourcing in-house problems_, are key factors which will determine the future of outsourcing for both supplier and consumer. The future of outsourcing is contingent on the ability to outsource a need effectively, this is empirical to the future of the economy in which outsourcing is a major contributor, for example Boeing and many other firms outsourced to China for years and China’s economy grew due to the decisions that were made. Outsourcing is economically smart on a micro-economic perspective; however, it can be devastating on a macro-economic perspective if the goal is purely capitalistic. {text:bibliography-mark} Priorities for selecting an outsource partner _ _On a scale of 1 to 5 (where 1 = extraneous and 5 = vital) {draw:frame} Selection of appropriate offshore location {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Selection of ideal outsourcing partner {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Dynamic challenges text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Outsourcing in-house problems {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Kate Vitasek speaks of the decision to outsourcing and the approach to successfully outsourcing. In her views that is the goal of Vested Outsourcing, and this is accomplished by implementing five basi c rules explained in her book. Focus on outcomes, not transactions. Focus on the WHAT, not the HOW. 3. Agree on clearly defined and measurable outcomes. Optimize pricing model incentives for cost/service trade-offs. 5. Governance structure provides insight, not merely oversight. Is it Outsourcing or Offshoring? There are some anti-outsourcing trend booming in the US, but the US Chamber of Commerce (USCC), has evidently come out sturdily in favor of outsourcing as it considers it good for the US economy and it has reportedly decided to fight legislative moves against outsourcing of jobs to countries where jobs are being outsourced. text:bibliography-mark} . With the large amount of lay-offs which have occurred and the many more which may come about, outsourcing is on the hot-plate of a political split, many agree and many disagree with outsourcing; however, is it outsourcing that is the problem or ‘offshoring,’ there are many who agree on a macro-economic perspective that ‘offshroring’ is unhealthy for the economy and have argued their point. The Aerospace industry has ‘offshored’ since the 1960’s and have not collapse the US economy in doing so; however, it has placed itself in dear competition with China who now makes their own planes and gained experience from having been Boeing’s major outsourcing partners. References

Hinduism Paper Essay

Hinduism as coined by European influence, is the world’s third largest religion with nearly one billion followers, about 14% of the Earths human population. There are many that theorize Hinduism is not like any other religion that encompasses a particular way of life; that Hinduism is without a defined founder, deity, nor is Hinduism stuck to a specific system of theology. However, there are those that argue Hinduism is monotheistic because it does recognize the one supreme being of Brahman. Then some view Hinduism as Trinitarian because Brahman is visualized as one God with the three persons of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. Considering that Hinduism lacks a united belief system is a matter of scholarly theory based on the closest findings and perhaps the reason many people theorize that Hinduism is undefined religion. The makeup of Hinduism is of diverse beliefs and traditions of the 81% of Hindus residing in present day India translated from Vedic scripture that some scholars say date back to 10,000 BCE. The basic scriptures of Hinduism, referred as Shastras, are a collection of spiritual laws discovered by sages at different points in history. The Two types of sacred writings, Shruti (heard) and Smriti (memorized) comprise the Hindu scriptures. The sacred writings were passed on from generation to generation orally for centuries before they were written down in the Sanskrit language dating far back as 6,500 BC. The major and most popular Hindu texts include the Bhagavad Gita, the Upanishads, and the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata, but there are fundamental core of beliefs shared by all Hindus. The basic core of Hinduism believes that there is only one supreme Absolute called Brahman, although it does not advocate the worship of any one particular deity. The gods and goddesses of Hinduism can amount to millions, all representing the many aspects of Brahman that indicate Hinduism is characterized by multiple deities. The most fundamental of Hindu deities is the Trinity of Brahma (creator), Vishnu (or Krishna, meaning creator) and Shiva (destroyer). Yet, the supreme God of any sub-God or sub-Goddesses is that of Brahma, a monotheistic approach that can be compared with many carnations to God in the Christian Bible such as Moses, Abraham, and Jesus and perhaps ignites much debate on the type of religion Hinduism is. However, there are other basic cores of beliefs that Hindus share. Amongst the core beliefs shared by Hindus is the desire for liberation from earthly existence in which Dharma, Samsara, Karma, and Moksha are facets in reaching liberation. Dharma encompasses ethics and duty within a Hindu’s life. Karma is the actions with in one’s life and the consequences for those actions. When Karma goes unfulfilled, Samsara is experienced through the cycle of life, death, and rebirth. The rebirth cycle is also known as reincarnation where a Hindu’s uncleansed soul cycles through life after life until the soul is cleansed enough to be with Brahman. While stuck in Samsara, the individual then becomes limited within time and space where monotony becomes a desire for escape from such misery. When a Hindu’s soul is cleansed enough to satisfy Brahman, Moksha is that escape from such earthly miseries. The desire for Moksha transformed Hinduism from a religion into a culture, but there is debate as to the cultural and societal influences that have made Hinduism vital to India. The cultural and societal influences of Hinduism is in a state of constant flow with the never ending possibilities as life on the earthly plane continues to flourish, yet there is debate on the historical significance that makes a Hinduism what it is today. The Aryan theory argues that Hinduism traces back to the Indus valley civilization of 4,000-2,200 BCE and was influenced by many Aryan Indo-European tribes who brought with them the religion of Vedism around 1,500 BCE. The Emerge theory challenges the Aryan invasion theory in stating the inconsistencies in timelines of Hebrew Scriptures and that of the Aryan invasion in comparison to the development of the four Veda that can be traced as far back as 6,500 BCE. Archeologists and religious historian have concluded through physical evidence of archeological finds along the Indus River and Indus valley show a continuality of the same group of people who traditionally developed Indian culture generation after generation with no evidence of Aryan influence. Another debate that continues amongst the modern day quarrel over theory is the caste system that dates back to 500 BCE. The Rig Veda defined four castes, or Varna’s; Brahmins were for religious leaders and educators, Kshatriyas for rulers and military, Vaishyas for farmers, landlords, and merchants, and Shudra for peasants, servants and workers. A fifth Varna was known as untouchables and anyone castigated from the Varna’s were the Dalit who were denigrated to pollutant jobs. According to Religioustolerance. org (2011), â€Å"although the caste system was abolished in 1949, it remains a significant force amongst Hindus throughout India. Aside from debate are the cultural rituals of the Hindu. According Living Religions by Mary Pat Fisher (2005), â€Å"there are sixteen rites prescribed in the ancient scriptures to purify and sanctify the person in his or her journey through life, including rites at the time of conception, the braiding of the pregnant mother’s hair, birth, name-giving, beginning of solid foods, starting education, investing boys with a sacred thread, first leaving the family house, starting studies of Vedas, marriage, and death. Sanatana Dharma is the current preferred title of what is better known as Hinduism where respect of one of the world’s oldest religions must be observed. The fact that there are many worshipped idols within Sanatana Dharma confuses the masses who contend that Hinduism is a polytheistic religion. Yet, it is the world overlooking the fact that other religions practice in denominations sectored by a difference of beliefs within the same core of beliefs.

Antibiotics

After suffering a lot of devastating epidemic attacks and mass deaths, humanity invented antibiotics and started applying them against known bacterial diseases. Using antibiotics for the last 6 decades, we are now facing the results of the process caused by genetic changes and mutations in bacteria. This can be explained by one of the basic principles of evolution: natural selection, which suggests that the fittest and the strongest survive, and the weakest disappear. Bacteria are one-celled organisms, which are very vulnerable to mutations. It is known that the most of the mutations affect the organisms. But certainly, there are some chances of positive outcomes of mutations as well. Mitosis of bacteria is a very fast process, which brings to rapid growth of the population. Having such huge number of bacteria, the chances of positive mutation are higher, therefore, more and more bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics treatment. Nowadays, different types of pathogen bacteria can already survive the existing antibiotics, and using an excessive amount of antibiotics we dramatically fastened the process of natural selection in bacteria evolution. This situation threatens the effectiveness of traditional treatment methods to bacterial diseases. That is why world scientists are facing the necessity of searching for new antibiotics, either modifying the known ones or looking for something absolutely different. According to the research of the Harvard School of Public Health, in 2005 â€Å"..more than 40% of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in the United States could resist both penicillin and erythromycin† (Powledge, 2004). The other researches, based on mathematical modeling, show that in the nearest future more and more species of bacteria will be able to resist old antibiotics. Therefore, if no new antibiotics are available, we’ll become totally unprotected against hard diseases, like tuberculosis, etc. Bibliography: Powledge, T. M. (2004, February 17). New Antibiotics—Resistance Is Futile. PLoS Biol 2(2): e53

Why Are Experiences of Stillness and Reflection (Meditation) Important to Buddhism?

Why are experiences of stillness and reflection (meditation) important to Buddhism? Meditation is a mental and physical course of action that a person uses to separate themselves from their thoughts and feelings in order to become fully aware. It plays a part in virtually all religions although some don't use the word ‘meditation' to describe their particular meditative or reflective practice. Meditation does not always have a religious element. It is a natural part of the human experience and is increasingly used as a therapy for promoting good health and boosting the immune system. Anyone who has looked at a sunset or a beautiful painting and felt calm and inner joy, while their mind becomes clear and their perception sharpens, has had a taste of the realm of meditation. Successful meditation means simply being – not judging, not thinking, just being aware, at peace and living each moment as it unfolds. In Buddhism the person meditating is not trying to get into a hypnotic state or contact angels or any other supernatural entity. Meditation involves the body and the mind. For Buddhists this is particularly important as they want to avoid what they call ‘duality' and so their way of meditating must involve the body and the mind as a single entity. In the most general definition, meditation is a way of taking control of the mind so that it becomes peaceful and focused, and the meditator becomes more aware. The purpose of meditation is to stop the mind rushing about in an aimless (or even a purposeful) stream of thoughts. People often say that the aim of meditation is to still the mind. There are a number of methods of meditating – methods which have been used for a long time and have been shown to work. People can meditate on their own or in groups. Meditating in a group – perhaps at a retreat called a sesshin or in a meditation room or zendo – has the benefit of reminding a person that they are both part of a larger Buddhist community, and part of the larger community of beings of every species. Meditation in Buddhism is a form of Bhavana, or self-development. The origins of Bhavana go back to ancient Indian spiritual exercises called Yoga. Hindu Yoga consists of 8 stages: 1,2 Making a conscious effort not to harm others and to establish good relations with them. ,4 Sitting postures and control of the breath. 5 Withdrawing the mind from external things and looking inwards. 6 Fixing the mind on a single object or thought. 7,8 Meditation, allowing the mind to rise above ordinary though and be directly aware of reality. These were taken up and developed by the Buddha. What Buddhists do when they meditate or worship may look very similar to the Hindu religion, but Buddhis ts do it in order to deepen the particular Buddhist view of life. There are two kinds of meditation: Samatha and Vipassana meditation. Samatha meditation is translated as ‘calm meditation’ or ‘tranquility meditation’ etc. Samatha meditation helps to control the mind and to become calm, so that the mind is focused upon a simple object or idea. For example, if we have tendencies towards greed and selfishness we might take death as the idea to focus upon for meditation. We then begin to see that everyone must die whatever they may be or do in their life. We will realise that greed is futile in the face of death and knowing this will produce feelings of calm and dispassion in us. Samatha meditation is practised to attain deep concentration of the mind only. The purpose of Samatha meditation is to concentrate the mind on this touching sensation or respiration. Whenever the mind goes out, the meditator brings it back on to the object of meditation, that is, the respiration or the touching sensation, because he wants to deeply concentrate the mind on a single object of meditation. When the mind goes out in Samatha meditation it must be brought back to the primary object, focusing the mind on the respiration. The Samatha meditator must not observe the wandering thought or thinking mind. He need not realise any mentality or physicality. What he needs to do is attain deep concentration of mind on a single object, focusing the mind attentively, noting the in- and out-breathing. When the Samatha meditator attains to access concentration or to absorption concentration, when his mind is totally absorbed into the object of meditation, there is no mental defilement in that concentrated mind. At that time the concentrated mind is purified from hindrances. This is called purification of mind because there is no greed, hatred, ignorance, conceit, jealousy and so on. So the meditator feels peaceful and happy. That is the benefit of Samatha meditation but when the mind is disengaged from the object of meditation, the concentration is also broken and the mind goes to many different objects. Therefore many thoughts come into the mind. When the mind is defiled with greed, anger or ignorance the meditator does not feel happy or peaceful. He has suffering. The Samatha meditator enjoys peacefulness of mind while his mind is deeply concentrated on a single object of meditation. As long as the mind is absorbed in the object, he feels peaceful calm, tranquil and serene. One type of Samatha meditation that is suitable for everyone is where the subject of concentration is our own breath. The concentration of our own breathing includes feeling the air gently filling your lungs and then flowing out through the nostrils. As you concentrate on breathing you come to realise the value of it because we depend on it for life. Breathing becomes more delicate, and it may even happen that our breaths appear to stop; our thoughts become less and less, and peace and happiness arise within us. Therefore it will bring calmness and a greater awareness of yourself and your physical body. There are many different possibilities of the ways to sit during meditation. The important thing is to feel comfortable and relaxed, but also to be upright and alert. The classical meditation position is ‘the lotus position’. This involves sitting cross-legged with the left foot on top of the right thigh and the right foot on top of the left thigh. While it helps for the body to be alert, relaxed and stable, meditation is really about the mind and the inner experience. Posture is a support to that but most Buddhist traditions do not regard it as an end in itself. Brahma Vihara means ‘Sublime State’ and by meditating upon the Brahma Viharas a person develops feelings of love, compassion, joy and peace towards all living things. The four Sublime States are: 1. Metta – This is usually translated as ‘loving – kindness’. In meditating upon metta, a person first of all wishes himself or herself well, and then spreads the positive and friendly thoughts outwards towards all other beings. 2. Karuna – This means active compassion understanding the nature of suffering and sharing the suffering of others. 3. Mudita – This is sympathetic joy in which the meditator shares the happiness of all other beings. 4. Upekkha – This is a state of peace and serenity, in which, with a well-balanced mind, a person looks on all beings – whether friendly or not – with the same positive attitude of care and well-wishing. Meditating on the Brahma Viharas may take the form of a visualisation. In the case of Metta Bhavana, or Meditation on Love, you would visualise the spreading of love from yourself to friends and family, to the community, and further on to the rest of the world. For the Brahma Viharas thought is action; meditating on the spreading of love throughout the universe. The effect of meditating off the Brahma Viharas is like ripples on the surface of water – gradually spreading outwards. Vipassana meditation is ‘insight’ meditation, it is realisation, seeing or right understanding. Vipassana meditation refers to a system of mental development that consists of looking inwards, looking at your mind as if you were an outside observer. In this way the meditator can break through the predictable workings of the mind to see things as they really are. Vipassana meditation is practises to attain some amount of concentration and to realise these three characteristics, therefore removing all thoughts and to experience the ending of suffering. In Vipassana meditation, the purpose is to realise all mental states and physical processes in their true nature. In this concept, their true nature means the three characteristics which every mental state and physical process possesses. Any mental state or physical process may be the object of meditation. So the Vipassana meditator must not take only a single object but take many varieties of objects. The Vipassana meditation is an important step on the path to enlightenment. In fact, it follows from the seventh step of the Noble Eightfold Path, Right Mindfulness, whereas Samatha relates to the sixth step, Right Effort. The Vipassana meditator follows the mind and observes it by making mental notes of all the movements and senses they observe such as the rising and falling movement of the abdomen and the hearing of a voice or of a distinctive sound. Due to these movements and sense they make notes within their mind, for example, when the abdomen rises the meditatior observes it, making a mental note ‘rising’. When the abdomen falls, the mediator observes it, making a mental note ‘falling’. The meditator does this for every movement for the abdomen and makes mental notes – such as these – for everything he observes. The meditator observes and follows the mind because the purpose of insight meditation is to realise the characteristics of any mental state or physical process. Therefore to realise the three characteristics of a wandering mind, but the meditator has to observe it as it is, making a mental note as `wandering, wandering', `thinking, thinking' and so on until that thought has disappeared. Only after it has disappeared should he return to the primary object, noting as usual. However, the Vipassana meditator needs to realise impermanence, suffering and the impersonal nature of the wandering, thinking mind. He must observe the wandering thoughts, the thinking mind as it really occurs, noting `wandering, wandering', `thinking, thinking', `imagining, imagining'. When you note these thoughts, your noting mind should be more attentive, more energetic and somewhat quick, so that it becomes more and more powerful, more so than the thinking process or the wandering process. When the noting mind becomes sharper, quicker and more powerful, it overwhelms the thinking mind or the thought process, which then stops in a short time. When the noting mind is weak, then it is overwhelmed by the wandering mind. The noting mind is dragged along by the thinking process the thought process goes on and on and the meditator can`t concentrate well. So to make the noting mind stronger, sharper and more powerful, the meditator notes the wandering, thinking mind more attentively, energetically and quickly. Then the thinking process stops and at that time the meditator notices thought doesn't last long. It arises and passes away. So here the arising and passing away of the thought is vaguely realised as impermanent, though not clearly realised. When concentration becomes deeper and deeper, the meditator comes to realise that these individual thoughts arise and pass away, one after another. A series of thoughts arises and passes away. Unless concentration is deep enough, the meditator is not able to realise it. The purpose is to realise these thoughts and their three characteristics. So, whatever thought arises in sitting or walking, the meditator must note them attentively, energetically and more quickly. When thoughts are noted they become less and less, and concentration becomes deeper and deeper. If the thoughts are not noted, they increase and sometimes they persist a very long time. Then concentration is weak. In Vipassana meditation, the meditator concentrates the mind to a certain extent on many mental states or physical processes. Then he realises the true nature of mentality and physicality, their impermanent, suffering and impersonal nature. His mind is purified at that moment because he realises these three characteristics of mental states and physical processes. He realises it, not through theoretical knowledge, not through learning scriptures but through his own personal experience of mental and physical experience, and this experience of the three characteristics is very deep and profound. This experience remains in the mind all the time though this insight knowledge of the three characteristics is also impermanent, suffering and impersonal. It occurs and passes away. The force of this insight knowledge remains in the thought process, in the process of consciousness, which continues for life. Therefore even though the meditator leaves the meditation centre and goes home or back to work, he may sometimes recollect his meditative experiences of these three characteristics, and they appear in his mind as if he is realising them at that moment. Then the mind is purified and he feels peaceful and tranquil. The benefit of Vipassana meditation is not only in sitting but also in the whole life and the next life. Therefore it helps the mind to be purified at any time. That's why the Vipassana meditator lives for peace to a certain extent. If he has attained any stage of enlightenment, the first stage, the second stage, the third stage or the fourth stage of enlightenment, if he has attained in any of these four, his mind is purer because some of the mental corruption have been uprooted by the path knowledge. He has lost some of the mental corruptions which cause suffering and he can live in peace and happiness to a certain extent. However, if he is able to attain all the four kinds of enlightenment, his mind is completely purified all the time and liberated from all kinds of mental corruptions. He will then live peacefully and happily. Zen is about living in the present with complete awareness. The word Zen is the Japanese equivalent of the Chinese Ch’an, meaning meditation. However, we have seen that many different schools of Buddhism place great emphasis on meditation as a means to enlightenment. All schools believe that all people have the ability to be enlightened, just as all people have the ability to be angry or sad. Zen therefore says that enlightenment exists within all human beings all the time. The aim of Zen practice is to become aware of one’s own enlightenment. This is called Satori. One important aspect of meditation is that it enables us to sit still and do nothing. It is said that the aim of Zen is not to aim. The meditation practice of Zen is called Za-zen, or sitting Zen. Sitting in the lotus position is very important, for it allows the meditator to breathe easily and slowly. He will put his hands into the dhyana-mudra and keep his eyes open. This makes them become fully in touch with the true nature of reality. Different schools of Zen do Za-zen in different ways: Soto meditators face a wall, Rinzai meditators sit in a circle facing each other. Zen considers there to be five kinds of meditative practices which go deeper and deeper. 1. Bompu is a very superficial form of meditation. Bompu means ‘ordinary’. 2. Gedo refers especially to meditative practices of other religions. These practices may be useful, but do not lead to enlightenment. The word gedo means ‘outside way’. 3. Shojo refers to Theravada meditation. Mahayana Buddhists often call Theravada ‘Hinayana’ or ‘small vehicle’ because they do not consider it to be capable of leading all people to enlightenment. Shojo is used for the same reason. 4. Daijo is Japanese for Mahayana, or ‘great vehicle’, and refers to meditation which leads to enlightenment. 5. Saijojo is the purest form of daijo, the highest form of meditation. A Zen practitioner tries to experience each moment directly. They don't let thoughts, memories, fears or hopes get in the way. They practice being aware of everything they see, hear, feel, taste, and smell. For example: when they eat they focus totally on the food and on the act of eating and prevent any thoughts in their mind. In Zen Buddhism the purpose of meditation is to stop the mind rushing about in an aimless (or even a purposeful) stream of thoughts. People often say that the aim of meditation is â€Å"to still the mind†. Zen Buddhism offers a number of methods of meditation to people – methods which have been used for a long time, and which have been shown to work. Zen Buddhists can meditate on their own or in groups. Meditating in a group – perhaps at a retreat called a sesshin or in a meditation room or zendo – has the benefit of reminding a person that they are both part of a larger Buddhist community, and part of the larger community of beings of every species.

Advancement Of The Spinning Wheel History Essay

Advancement Of The Spinning Wheel History Essay A spinning wheel is a machine utilized for the conversion of fiber into yarn or thread, which is then used to make cloths (McCloskey, 1981). Its main functions are to combine fibers into a thread or yarn and then gather it in a bobbin so that it may be used as thread for the loom. It works on the principle that if you hold a bunch of fibers together and you pull a few out, the few will separate from the rest. These are pulled while being twisted at the same time hence forming a thread (Redford, 1931). The spinning wheel was invented between 500 and 1000 AD. However, the years 1400- 1800 are the ones referred to us the era of the spinning wheel (Jefferson, 1972). Unfortunately, no real spinning wheels survive from medieval times hence the only reliable evidence comes from images and records written during that time (McCloskey, 1981; North, 1979). It improved from the spindle, which was barely a stick with some weight attached. However, somewhere between 500 and 1000 A.D., An inventor turned the spindle sideways and added a pulley, which he then connected to the drive wheel. With this, the spinning wheel was ready for the work a head. Unfortunately, the merchants vehemently opposed the wheel when it hit the Western Europe markets blaming it for producing lumpy and uneven thread hence lowering the quality (Redford, 1931). There still rages a controversy about the development of this invention with some arguing that it was made in China for silk and ramie spinning while others believe that it was made later in India in order to cater for its cotton industry (McCloskey, 1981). However, spinning technology had been around for quite sometime before majority of the people embraced it and this makes it very hard to pinpoint a specific year or time and claim that is when specific improvements were done to it (Hurt, 1954). Come the 18th century the industrial revolution brought about a very big shift in the spinning industry and the mechanization of the spinning wheel be gan (McCloskey, 1981). One of the highly acclaimed inventors of the spinning wheels is Mr. James Hargreaves. Noticing an overturned spinning wheel which continued turning while the spindle was vertical, gave him the idea that several spindles could be organized to function at the same time from that position (Jefferson, 1972). Later he developed a model, which had eight spindles hence leading to increased output by his family members. News of his inventions caused his house to be attacked by jealous spinners and in the process all his machines were destroyed. Later, Mr. Hargreaves named his invention the spinning Jenny and patented the device in 1770. The spinning wheel led to higher output per person. In thread making, output increased by a factor of more than 10. With that, the production of rags and subsequently cheap paper revolutionized the printing industry (Hayek, 1954). The faster rate of spinning led to increased demand for the spinning wheels and with this agriculture was well on the way to being mechanized (Ashton, 1957). Later, Richard Arkwright’s new invention, a water- frame spinning roller was out in the year 1968.Eleven years Later in 1979, Samuel Crompton came up with a ‘spinning mule’ which was a combination of Arkwright’s water frame and Hargreaves Jenny (Hayek, 1954).

American and European Union competition law Essay

American and European Union competition law - Essay Example A private entity may file a suit against the court of law on violation of competition law that caused property or business for monetary compensation. Antitrust law refers to a federal and state system, which promotes competition and blocks the roads of monopoly. In the US under mentioned sanctions may be imposed on violation of competition law a) confiscation of property b) suspension of right for a period of one year c) fine up to the extent of one million USD and above in case of corporation d) for others fine up to 0.100 million USD and imprisonment for a period of three years at least. The aims and objectives of said law is to discourage i) monopolization ii) conspiracy to monopolize and iii) attempt to monopolize by way of merger and acquisition of other business entity. American Legal System The American court system is run at two jurisdictions a) federal level and b) state level. The Supreme Court is the highest court. Two courts have to work under incumbency of Supreme Court of Pakistan a) trial courts and b) appellate courts. The Supreme Court is working under one chief justice and their eight associate justices. Their selection is the prerogative of the competent committee of the Senate. The supreme court of USA each year hears limited number of cases wherein important questions of constitution and the federal law has been raised. The trial court is empowered by the constitution and the law making body to hear criminal or civil cases of all sorts. The court of appeal hears appeal received from trial court of respective jurisdiction to decide the case. It has country wise jurisdiction to hear the specialized cases of appeals such patent laws, the court of international trade and the court of federal claim. Magistrate court helps a lot to minimize the workload of federal circuit courts. The said court has the limited jurisdiction to hear the minor cases of civil or criminal nature. Bankruptcy case deals by the court of Bankruptcy court since the credito rs are not in a position to pay more after liquidating their assets. The USA Tax courts entertain the cases of tax disputes between the parties. The mentioned court comprised of 19 judges appointed by the President who have the expertise on the tax laws. The English Legal System The Great Britain is always referred to a country where common law is prevailed irrespective of other continental country such as France where the mentioned law is called Civil law. A major portion of UK Law is based on legislative acts. It can be primary or secondary legislation. The acts of parliament are considered as Primary legislation where as the legislation of government bodies that the parliament is empowered to legislate is called secondary legislation. Bill in fact is a proposal which is presented in the house of commons or house of lords for debate by the members of Parliament before its passage by the both the houses mentioned hereinabove before becoming an act / law. However, Royal final assent is required for an act / law passed by the House of Lords and House of Commons. Hence, three decisions are expected from the Queen a) assent the law b) dissent the law and c) deferred the law for an appropriate time. Since the Great Britain is the member of European countries, therefore the most laws of the said countries are influenced by English laws. In case of disputes between the EU countries and the UK the law of EU will have an edge over the British laws. Anglo American Common Law