Ict Movie Maker vs Adobe Premier Pro

ICT What Movie Maker is capable of doing Windows movie maker is able of: * Find all your video’s and images * Find any special sounds effects * Find any music * Decide on any written content * Make a rough plan of the running order * Create your movie. Advantages of using Windows Movie Maker 1) It is available free on any windows operating system 2) It is easy to learn 3) It is pretty straight forward 4) You do not need film editing experience in order to use windows media player 5) There are over 130 effects, transitions, titles, and credits available 6) After capture, any clip can be dragged and dropped anywhere on the timeline.Disadvantages of using Windows Movie Maker 1) It suffers from crashes frequently. 2) Program freezes at times. 3) It is not possible to uninstall the program through the add/remove panel. 4) It is not possible to do complex editing. Adobe Premier Pro Advantages of Adobe Premier Pro 1) The software has the ability to go into extensive detail and edit v ideos within seconds. 2) Larger videos are easier to convert and use in the program although this is not important to my solution as I will only be creating small clips (max. minutes). 3) Contains a feature called timeline which allows for zooming in and out. 4) Several tutorials available online Disadvantages of Adobe Premier Pro 1) More expensive than most other competitive software of the same type. 2) To use the features if the software users are required to view forums, see the help section of Adobes website as most features are more complex than they are required to be and most people are used to. 3) Larger file sizes are left in comparison to other packages, requiring more disk space.

External Factors Affecting Organizational Structure

Environment The environment is the world in which the organization operates, and includes conditions that influence the organization such as economic, social-cultural, legal-political, technological, and natural environment conditions. Environments are often described as either stable or dynamic. ? Stable environment †¢ customers' desires are well understood †¢ remains consistent for a relatively long time †¢ Examples of organizations that face relatively stable environments include manufacturers of staple items such as detergent, cleaning supplies, and paper products. mechanistic structures to be advantageous †¢ This system provides a level of efficiency that enhances the long-term performances of organizations that enjoy relatively stable operating environments ? Dynamic environment †¢ Customers' desires are continuously changing—the opposite of a stable environment †¢ This condition is often thought of as turbulent †¢ the technology that a company uses while in this environment may need to be continuously improved and updated †¢ An example of an industry functioning in a dynamic environment is electronics.Technology changes create competitive pressures for all electronics industries, because as technology changes, so do the desires of consumers. †¢ organic structure provides the greatest benefits †¢ This structure allows the organization to respond to environment change more proactively. Organizations are now increasingly designed to be more organic now days. The HR Organizational Structure has to fit to new challenges born in the external environment. All the important and influencing people speak about the changes in the business world, as the current recession seems to be one of the worst recessions ever.The way the business was done will be discontinued and new business ethics and new business rules will be born. In Recession for example HRM Organizational Structure should be as flexible as possibl e, the HRM Employees should be really aware of the needs of the organization and they should be able to help the organization to survive the recession successfully. The HRM Organizational Structure Adjustment has to be based on the detailed analysis of the needs of the organization in the recession. Companies that nurture flexibility, awareness, and resilience are more likely to survive the crisis, and even to prosper.McKinsey-2009 Technology Advances in technology are the most frequent cause of change in organizations since they generally result in greater efficiency and lower costs for the firm. Technology is the way tasks are accomplished using tools, equipment, techniques, and human know-how. By using tools, equipment and strategy, technology helps workers accomplish their core tasks at a quicker pace. If a company has the appropriate organizational structure blended with the right technology, it can attain organizational success.Joan Woodward found that the right combination of structure and technology were critical to organizational success. In her book Industrial Organization: Theory and Practice (1965), the English management scholar classified three categories of core-manufacturing technology: ? Small-batch production †¢ Used to manufacture a variety of custom, made-to-order goods. †¢ Each item is made somewhat differently to meet a customer's specifications by the skills of the workers who work together in small groups. †¢ A print shop is an example of a business that uses small-batch production. Appropriate structure for this type is decentralized and flexible †¢ It works well in organic structure ? Mass production †¢ Automated machines are used that is programmed to make high volumes of standard products. †¢ It’s used to create a large number of uniform goods in an assembly-line system. †¢ Workers are highly dependent on one another, as the product passes from stage to stage until completion. †¢ Equipm ent may be sophisticated, and workers often follow detailed instructions while performing simplified jobs. †¢Example-A company that bottles soda pop †¢ It works well in rigid structure as has routine tasks †¢ Formal structure or mechanistic structures is the best choice for workers who must perform repetitive tasks. ? Continuous-process production †¢ Create goods by continuously feeding raw materials, such as liquid, solids, and gases, through a highly automated system. †¢ Such systems are equipment intensive, but can often be operated by a relatively small labor force. †¢ Examples-automated chemical plants and oil refineries. A flexible structure is necessary to allow workers to react quickly to unexpected problems. †¢ It works well in organic structures The other Technology factor that determines organizational structure is- ?IT-Knowledge management the sharing and integrating expertise within and between functions and divisions through real time interconnected IT that allows for new kinds of task and reporting relationships. CITATION: 1. (CliffsNotes. com. Factors Affecting Organizational Design. 29 Oct 2010 . Read more:  http://www. cliffsnotes. om/WileyCDA/study_guide/Factors-Affecting-Organizational-Design. topicArticleId-8944,articleId-8881. html? citation=true#ixzz13mZtlnHJ 2. Ref- HRM Organizational Structure HRM Advice Blog Adjustments in Recession http://hrmadvice. com/blog/2008/12/30/hrm-organizational-structure-adjustments-recession/ Technology/Task Consider check processing at a bank. This activity is usually performed by a business unit that is highly formalized, has a great deal of specialization and division of labor, and high centralization of decision-making.In contrast, the creative section of an ad agency is usually not formalized at all, the division of labor is often blurry, and it is highly decentralized. It appears that certain activities naturally â€Å"go with† certain structures. Joan Wood ward found that by knowing an organization's primary system of production, you could predict their structure: Unit production/small batch. Companies that make one-of-a-kind custom products, or small quantities of products (e. g. , ship building, aircraft manufacture, furniture maker, tailors, printers of engraved wedding invitation, surgical teams). In these companies, typically, people's skills and knowledge is more important than the the machines used. †¢ Relatively expensive to operate: work process is unpredictable, hard to pre-program or automate. †¢ Flat organization (few levels of hierarchy). †¢ Ceo has low span of control (direct reports). †¢ Relatively low percentage of managers †¢ Organic structure (see  handout) Mass production/large batch. Companies that sell huge volumes of identical products (e. g. , cars, razor blades, aluminum cans, toasters). Make heavy use of automation and assembly lines.Typically, †¢ bigger than small batch †¢ Taller hierarchies †¢ bottom level is huge (supervisor span of control is 48) †¢ Relatively greater number of managers (because hierarchy is so tall) †¢ Mechanistic, bureaucratic structure †¢ Relatively cheap to operate Continuous Production. Primarily companies that refine liquids and powders (e. g. , chemical companies, oil refineries, bakeries, dairies, distilleries/breweries, electric power plants). Machines do everything,   humans just monitor the machines and plan changes. These organizations are tall and thin or even inverted pyramid: almost nobody at the bottom †¢ At the very top there is an organic structure †¢ Lower levels more mechanistic, but because machines do everything, there is not much paper work, low level supervision, etc. Chick Perrow '67 looked at how the frequency and type of exceptions that occurred during production affected structure. Two types of exceptions: (a) can be solved via orderly, analytic search process (like mecha nic fixing car), (b) no analytic framework, rely on intuition, guesswork (like advertising, film-making, fusion research).    |Few Exceptions |Many Exceptions | |Un-analyzable |pottery, specialty glass, motel room artwork; plumbing; |film making; aerospace; (non routine research) | | |computer technical support (craftwork) |tasks that no one really knows how to do: work on | | |routine work, but when problems crop up, it is hard   |intuition, implicit knowledge | | |to figure what to do | | |Analyzable |routine, like screws; (routine manufacturing) |custom machinery, building dams; (engineering | | |the few problems that occur are usually easy to |production) | | |understand |the application of well-known principles and | | | |technologies to lots of new and different | | | |situations | It turns out that bottom left organizations (analyzable and few exceptions) tend to be highly centralized and formalized — in short, bureaucracies. Bureaucracies are the best possible org anizational form when the task is well-understood, and how to best execute it can be specified in advance.At the other extreme, the top right organizations (unanalyzable and many exceptions) are not well handled by bureaucracies. There are so many exceptions and new situations that having a set of formal procedures which specify how to handle every situation is out of the question. Organizations in this box tend to be highly decentralized and use informal means of coordination and control. The reasons have to do with human bounded rationality. (Bounded rationality refers to the fact that since humans have limited brain capacity, we cannot always find the absolute optimal solution to a given problem — we only have the time and capacity to consider a few possible solutions, and choose the best among those. But we can't consider all possible solutions. Really complex systems are difficult to pre-plan: there are too many contingencies. We simply can't figure it all out. Need to a llow for real-time, flexible adjustment. Environment Adaptation Organizations actively adapt to their environments. For example, organizations facing complex, highly uncertain environments typically differentiate so that each organizational unit is facing a smaller, more certain problem. for example, if Japanese tastes in cars are quite different from American tastes, it is really hard to make a single car that appeals to both markets. It is easier to create two separate business units, one that makes cars for the Japanese market, and the other that makes cars for the US market. Natural SelectionOrganizations whose structures are not fitted to the environment (which includes other organizations, communities, customers, governments, etc. ) will not perform well and will fail. Most new organizations fail within the first few years. If the environment is stable, this selection process will lead to most organizations being well-adapted to the environment, not because they all changed th emselves, but because those that were not well-adapted will have died off. Dependence The economy is a giant network of organizations linked by buying and selling relationships. Every company has suppliers (inputs) and customers (outputs). Every company is dependent on both their suppliers and their customers for resources and money.To the extent that a company needs it's suppliers less than they need it, the company has power. That is, power is a function of asymmetric mutual dependence. Dependence is itself a function of the availability of alternative supply. A depends on B to the extent that there are few alternatives to B that are available to A. Dependence is also a function of how much A needs what B has got. If the Post It's company starts to play hardball with you, and there are no good alternatives, it's still not a big deal because Post It's are just not that important. Organizations that have power over others are able to impose elements of structure on them.For example, GM is famous for imposing accounting systems, cost controls, manufacturing techniques on their suppliers. The sets of entities in an organization's environment that play a role in the organization's health and performance, or which are affected by the organization, are called  stakeholders. Stakeholders have interests in what the organization does, and may or may not have the power to influence the organization to protect their interests. Stakeholders are varied and their interests may coincide on some issues and not others. Therefore you find stakeholders both cooperating with each other in alliances, and competing with each other. [pic] Figure 1. Unconnected stakeholders.When stakeholders are unconnected to each other (as in Figure 1), the organization usually has an easier time of playing the different parties off one another. For example, it can represent its goals and needs differently to each stakeholder, without fear of being found out. Or, such competitive stakeholders in to outbidding each other (e. g. , a university can tel one alumnus that another alumnus is about to give a huge donation). Furthermore, when the stakeholders are unconnected, they cannot coordinate their efforts, and so have trouble controlling the organization. [pic] Figure 2. Well-connected stakeholders. In contrast, when the stakeholders are well-connected (as in Figure 2), the organization cannot represent itself differently to each one, or it will be found out.Furthermore, if the bonds among the stakeholders are closer than the bonds with the organization, the stakeholders may side with each other against the organization, and won't act in ways that negatively affect other stakeholders. Institutionalization Under conditions of uncertainty, organizations imitate others that appear to be successful. In other words, if nobody really knows what makes a movie successful, and then somebody has a blockbuster hit, everybody else copies the movie, and the organizational structure that p roduced the movie, hoping that they will get the same results. This can cause whole industries to adopt similar structural features. One reason why this happens is the fear of litigation or simply blame.If several well-known, successful companies start adopting some new management style — say, self-governing teams — and you don't because you know its not appropriate for your company, and then things start to go wrong for your company, people will say ‘see? you should have adopted self-governing teams. we told you so'. So to avoid that, if the top companies in a field all adopt some new style, then all the others do to to avoid being blamed. In addition, diffusion of ideas due to personnel transfer and professional school training can create uniformity as well.Ref:Organizational Theory:Determinants of Structure Stephen P. Borgatti October 08, 2001 http://www. practical-management. com/Organization-Development/Organization-s-External-Environment. html

A Current Crime Prevention Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A Current Crime Prevention Program - Essay Example A simple question that can be asked by a layman is why does crime exist? A set of individuals or a certain group of people can answer it very briefly, saying that it exists because criminals commit crimes. But on the other hand another group of individuals can relate it to the law and order of the government. They might have an opinion that because there is a law of everything and as a responsible citizen of the country, a person is bound to abide with that law, so people who de-track from the right path, intentionally or un intentionally commit crimes and become criminals in order to challenge the rules and regulations of their country. The word crime has become a daily part of our lives with every person experiencing it in one way or the other. Every country, every state, every town and every street has become a target for the crime seekers. In order to prevent, overcome or minimize this calamity from our society, the people have to be alert and the local authorities have to be on their toes. (James Q Wilson 1983). Lately Crime prevention programs have been set up by many authorities with collaboration with the local residents. One thing is very clear, that the government or the law enforcing agencies cannot work alone to minimize the effects of crime or criminals in a certain area. They need the help, cooperation and association of the locals. As they are also part of the community so their input and advice matters a lot to the authorities. DISCUSSION Crime has had hold of every part of this world and has spread like an infection across the globe .With street crimes on high, productive preventive measures have to be taken to safeguard the lives of the people. For this purpose many Crime Prevention Units work hard to reduce crime and improve the surrounding areas of the society to be friendly and safe for living. (National Advisory Committee). Their major aim is to improve the quality of living with the help of the local residents of that area by preventing s treet crimes like theft, robbery, bullying, child abuse, burglary, kidnapping, shop lifting and many more. In order to maximize the input and minimize the occurrence of a particular crime the Crime Prevention Units must seek help from the residents, shop owners, famous personalities and make them their co-partners in the prevention of this unethical activity. By doing this, with their collaborators in street it will be much easier to govern the area as they can inform the required department about any crime almost immediately or at the time it is taking place. In this way it’s easy and helpful to safeguard even if the area has a vast expansion. The Crime Prevention specialists, working as their members would deliver and support ever-evolving prevention and safety programs, and maintain close partnerships with organizations and community members. Specialists would work out their strategies that will range from personal safety of a human being to self defense techniques. They w ill try their best to stay aware with the latest residential security practices, and hence process the trends in case of any crime taking place. In this way it will also help them to stay alert of any future un-happenings. ANALYSIS Without the introduction of the Crime Prevention Systems to reduce the street crimes, it would be extremely difficult for the law enforcing authorities to bring the rate of crime under control, plus without the local residents taking part as volunteers in this program the authority may come to a halt in resolving these criminal acts as Businesses and business men would get affected, shopping malls, banks, petrol stations,

Journal assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Journal assignment - Essay Example in a sign of a heartless effort to punish her because she left her previous employer who happened to be a member of British Parliament, MP and also minister Mark Harper, There are many stories like hers as Britain is a magnet of illegal immigrants because the cities of the country are largely cosmpolitan and their presence is hardly noted among a multitude of various nationalities. It may be a case of implementing strict immigration laws no matter who is the culprit but at times there should be some kind of consideration. As what happened, Isabella was forcibly put on a plane and deported back to Colombia. She is now all alone in Medellin, Colombia with no relative to help he out and no prospects of another good job too. Compassion and kindness could have saved her but the immigration authorities had to draw a line somewhere otherwise the United Kingdom will be full of illegal or undocumented immigrants. August 09, 2014. The Economist: â€Å"Women in politics: treating the fair sex fairly.† by writing staff. . This article discussed how women in politics had fared in five countries, namely: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and the United States of America. It seems the research study by the authors cited in this article are of the opinion that female ministers in top government posts were appointed in a fair manner unlike the popular perception that female politicians and ministers had been usually appointed to their posts as mere tokinism. This is certainly not the case in Colombia so the country has a good record of equality among both genders. Women in politics were measured by number of bills they had passed or the legislation they had sponsored, how long they had stayed in office and other criteria such as how easy they got replaced by male apppointees. This is a welcome

Aspectual evaluation of IS in use Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aspectual evaluation of IS in use - Assignment Example They also catch an idea that may be communicated in uncommon ways in advertisement. Thirdly, created games may be used for pastime and entertainment and further develop animation related to their hobby. Such entertaining scenes can be created and recreated. The social aspect of multimedia system reflects in various ways. First, education develops and improves through the use and of applications, simulations or courseware. People are increasingly resorting to e-learning and quick information searching as the best suited mode of education. Entertainment has immensely been central through multimedia system through use and applications, educational and leisure games, movies and online videos on demand. Home–based activities are promoted such as through use and applications of television, the satellite TV and SMS services including chats, reality TV and voting. It can also be core in public places use and applications of information desk, help and support, security and use of smart cards (Lian, Kanellopoulos & Ruffo 2009). As Rao, Bojkovic & Milovanovic (2008) observes, multimedia system has psychic or sensitive aspect that develops through it. Imagination and the user variously combine various media technologies to organize and develop large number of assets such as scenes, characters, movements and props. The creations derive imaginary thoughts of inexistent worlds, people and ideas. Highly imaginative genre can eventually be developed with the digital age technologies. Most historical work can be adopted to make them more appealing through the efforts of producers interested in imaginations. Since imagination is a rare event in most cases, the multimedia system makes it a possibility. Interacting with such multimedia system increases creativity as remediation brings about criticality. Special features can be developed through sparked imagination. Watching films such as magical contents provides fantastic imaginary creations. People develop capacity to view the world and then act in various perspectives. Magical thinking which depicts supernatural events and alternative world are entertaining. Multimedia system related to the formative aspect through technological determinism. People depend on technology development to shape their interactions in different contexts. Technological designs for current markets changes the way of work, communication and interactions. They will then adopt it as important determinant and for prediction of their lives. Overdependence on multimedia system will allow them to be open and receptive to every new development. Dependency is a core factor that stimulates more developments which anyone can visualize and develop. With the open thinking about the prospect of development any thought human activity immensely relies on the advances of multimedia system (Lian, Kanellopoulos & Ruffo 2009). The use of multimedia system reflects a kinematic aspect. Dynamism is core as it serves diverse purposes and can be cha nged to embody use of different symbols to develop into complete distinct products and experiences. It also has a dialect, where one group may prefer the use of conservative and conventional styles while others may reveal idiosyncratic styles. Remediation has been central and the new media in this novel period take after, adapt and incorporate the previous existing media. The role played by the previous media is transferred and improved with the new ones. Thus those early genres are currently improved to reveal existing theatrical conventions

Civil War and Reconstruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Civil War and Reconstruction - Essay Example Consequently historical events like Reconstruction, Wade-Davis Bill, Black Codes, Segregation, Jim Crow laws, the 13th Amendment to the 15th Amendment to the Constitution etc were some steps towards the construction of a race-blind society. The next mentionable event in the Reconstruction era was the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864. The racial Segregation and the Jim Crow laws, in a single phrase the â€Å"separate policy† of the south was essentially the South’s reaction to the 13th, 14th and the 15th constitutional Amendments during the Reconstruction in the post Civil War Period. Reconstruction’s primary goals were to establish the Black rights by withering out Slavery and to reintegrate the South with the nation. The Reconstruction started with President Lincoln’s affirmative actions for a race-blind, equal and reunited America. While Lincoln followed a more moderate course to establish black people’s right and to reunite the South, the Radical Republic ans â€Å"opposed it on the ground that Lincoln reconstruction plan had freed the slaves without paying much attention to establishing their socio-political, economic and other rights† (Stampp, 1956, p. 78). By passing the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864 Republican dominated Congress declare that Southern States should be run by military governors and, Secession and Slavery would be outlawed with the consent of the fifty percent of a state’s voters. ... Both theoretically and legally by the 13th Amendment of the Constitution slavery was outlawed; empowered by the 14th Amendment, people of colors could enter into contracts, business, ownership, etc and by the 15th Amendment they earned the right to vote. But the reality was totally different from what the Northerners expected from the Amendments and their enactment, as Gerald Early says in this regard, â€Å"white southerners, inspired by the North's old Black Codes, instituted their own version†¦..in response to the passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Early, 2011, p. 2) While before the 13th Amendment in the pre-Civil War period, the Southerners enjoyed unchallenged mastery over the Blacks and exploited the black labor to sustain the South’s plantation and other agriculture based economy, after the constitutional abolition of slavery the South sought to generate unofficial laws limiting the blacks’ civil rights, during the Johnson Pre sidency, with a view to manipulate black labor evading the Constitutional restrictions. Indeed the Southerners’ strategy was to retain psychological inferiority of the Blacks so that the cheap black labor could easily be manipulated. Since slavery became an indispensable part of the colonizer’s economy and became socio-politically integrated into the early American society, it began to shift its basis from war to color after the 13th Amendment. Josef Healey (2010) says that â€Å"blackness† itself as an ideology was critical for the exploitation of the labor of the African blacks in early America, and it â€Å"provided the very source of whiteness and the heart of racism† (Healey, 2010, p. 288). This master-slave association greatly

The Effects of Fast Foods on the Health of Persons Consuming Them Research Paper

The Effects of Fast Foods on the Health of Persons Consuming Them - Research Paper Example China has a vibrant fast food industry that is largely populated by western players of which key among is the Kentucky Fried Chicken and even the globally revered McDonald fast food restaurant chain, which according to Bankman and Alivisatos is expanding at a sporadic rate with ten new restaurants being opened on a weekly basis. This clearly affirms how the Chinese diet has integrated fast foods that bear origin to the western world (1). Bankman and Alivisatos lamented that fast foods majorly offer western-style foods that are made up of high contents, carbohydrates, saturated fat, and sugar that have less nutritional value and with a lot of processing (1). Sipahi in his writings stated that such fast foods have attributed to the rising cases of obesity in countries that include U.S, China, and the UK, where it has spiralled to an alarming level thereby being declared a serious national crisis (56-58). Schneider further added that a previous research study conducted by the German Ins titute of Human Health established a clear relationship between the consumption of a western diet that has high contents of potatoes, sugar, refined grains, and meat with weight gain among the consumers (1). Secondly, Schneider wrote that in a recent research study published in 2012 on the journal circulation showed that there was credible evidence to prove that Chinese people who consumed the western fast foods for more than twice a week had a high risk of suffering from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (1). This research study noted that there has been an increase in cases of obesity among the Chinese people because of the fact that consumption of fast food is related to physical inactivity.

The Executive Branch of the Russian Federation Essay

The Executive Branch of the Russian Federation - Essay Example Furthermore this assignment leads to know that how the presidential power that have been increased since last decade or more is affecting the whole Russian Federation. It is an attempt to discuss the critical and dramatic relationship of the two main characters of the Russian politics that have been swapping and grasping the most important position of the executive branch since last few years. In the way to make it more authentic references of books, internet and journals has been presented. The Russian Chief of the State/President According to the Russian federation constitution 1993 the president of Russian Federation is the head of the state and as well as the chief of the state. According to The Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993, â€Å"The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state, Supreme Commander-in-chief and holder of the highest office within the Russian Federation. Name of the Presidents and their ruling periods Boris Yeltsin After the cancelation of USSR in December 1991 Boris Yeltsin came to power on June 1991 with a leading victory of 57% votes and elected as the first President of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. ... Dmitry Medvedev: After the presidential rule of Vladimir Dmitry Medvedev became the new president of RSFSR and served his nation as a president from May 2008 till May 2012. Vladimir Putin was elected as a prime minister of ESFSR by The president Medvedev. Vladimir Putin: In 2012 Putin again won the presidential election and got back his presidency from Dmitry Medvedev and has been serving as a president since May 2012. 2. Brief Definition of the Executive Branch According to the (Pascal Elizabeth 3) Executive Branch is the Branch of Government responsible to carry out the Law. Executive Branch of Russia President: Prime minister is the head of the executive branch of the Russian Federation and according to the Constitution of Russian Federation the President is the head of the State of RSFSR. The president gets elected by the election that held after a gap of six years and was the amended form of elections duration occurred 4 years before 2008. Concurring to the law a candidate had t o win more than 50% of the total votes cast in the Election. If no one of the candidates gets 50% then the top two candidates had to compete in 2nd round of Election called run-off election. A president was allowed by the law to compete for the 2nd time for the president but not allowed to compete in the third time (Thomas Grove and Gabriela Baczynska, â€Å"Anti-Putin protesters show their strength in Russia†). Prime Minister: The Executive Power of Russian federation mainly shares between president and prime minister but President includes more power due to the authorities to appoint a Prime minister with the assistance or approval of the Duma. Prime minister is also the Head of the

Should teens in the US adopt the British custom of taking a gap year Research Paper

Should teens in the US adopt the British custom of taking a gap year between high school and college - Research Paper Example From the research it can be comprehended that the tradition of taking a gap year that is engrained in the European society could help young American become better individuals. A gap year can be dedicated to a variety of different activities. A person may use a gap year to pursue a dream such as learning how to paint, to play on a band, or on perfecting a particular craft such as acting or designing clothes. People with sporting talent may pursue a gap year in order to improve their game to possibly land a sporting scholarship once they apply to college. There is no specific path that a young person has to follow in their gap year. A person may just take the year off in order to blow off some steam from the educational system that forces student to continue four additional years of schooling after twelve consecutive years of the academic world. Sometimes young adults have difficulty deciding what career choice to choose from. The gap year can be used to help a young person decipher wh at to do with life in the future. A career is something that once a person chooses one they will be working at that craft for the rest of their lives. A young person can utilize the gap year in order to perform an internship in a corporation. Choosing a multinational corporation to realize an internship can give a young person an exciting firsthand look at corporate America. An internship can be an excellent opportunity to start creating a network with professionals of different backgrounds. A reality check for many young people when they aspire to go to college is that fact that college is a very expensive ordeal. When people graduate out of high they typically do not have any money for college expenses and they depend solely on the help of their parents and governmental economic assistance. For many students the gap year can serve as a solution for them to accumulate some money prior to starting college. Getting a job for year working can provide an opportunity for student to save money. Sometimes student have specific goals for their money such as saving up some cash in order to buy a car prior to starting college. Having your own car is very important for a young person because it gives the individual more liberty and provides a greater opportunity to enjoy social and cultural activities. Another potential reason to take a gap year is to fulfill the dreams of others in need by performing community service. Community service can be a very gratifying experience that can help young people mature and become better individuals. The efforts of people that perform community service are priceless to the community. There are some sophisticated community service program that allow young people an opportunity to travel to other parts of the world to help people in need. Young people with a desire to help can travel to other continents such as Africa. An

Corporate Analysis Of Bhp Billiton Management Essay

Corporate Analysis Of Bhp Billiton Management Essay BHP Billiton is a global leader in the resources industry. Formed from a merger between BHP and Billiton, it brings together an exceptional mix of quality, low-cost resource assets, complemented by a strong management team determined to operate the assets in an efficient manner. BHP Billiton commenced a feasibility study in 2002 into opening a nickel and cobalt mine and processing plant at the cost of A$1.4 billion 35 km East of the Ravensthorpe. The project was approved in 2004 and construction commenced shortly afterward. The plant known as the Ravensthorpe Nickel Project was commissioned in late 2007 with first production occurring in October and the first 5,000 tonnes being produced by December 2007. The plant was officially opened in 2008, after massive cost blow outs and delays. Production was expected to total 50,000 tonnes of nickel per year. In January 2009, BHP Billiton announced that it was suspending production at the Ravensthorpe nickel mine indefinitely, due the reduction in world nickel prices caused by the global economic crisis. Nickel prices, having reached a high of US$50,000 per tonne in May 2007, had fallen to under $11,000 per tonne by the time of the mines closure. Our report focuses on the strategic decisions which led BHP Billiton to invest in the Ravensthorpe nickel project. An analysis has been conducted on the mines operation starting from the business strategy adopted by BHP Billiton down to the operational decisions at the site level. We intend to predict scenarios which might have resulted in mines closure despite a strikingly detailed front loaded design. Scope of the report Our analysis is based entirely upon the information available on internet. The primary sources include BHP Billitons annual communications, industry analysis reports from leading researchers, news paper and magazine articles. The investigation focuses mainly on strategic decisions at different levels. No attempt has been made to analyze the companys performance in other sectors of its business. This report is taken up only as an academic project and no attempt has been made to judge the performance of any of the stakeholders involved in the project. Chapter 1: Corporate analysis of BHP Billiton Introduction BHP Billiton Group (BHP Billiton) is a diversified natural resources group engaged in mineral exploration and production. The groups primary focus areas include oil and gas, aluminum, copper, nickel, iron ore, manganese, metallurgical coal, and energy coal, with additional exposures to uranium, gold, zinc, lead, silver, and diamonds. BHP Billiton comprises BHP Billiton Limited and BHP Billiton Plc. The group has a global presence with more than 100 operations in 25 countries. It is headquartered in Melbourne, Australia and employs about 41,000 people. BHP Billiton-History BHP Billiton Group was formed in 2001 with the merger of Australian firm BHP and British firm Billiton. BHP BHP was founded in 1885. The company grew to become a global natural resources company, with a diversified commodity suite that included minerals, oil, gas, and steel. In 1899, BHP leased an iron ore mine at Iron Knob in South Australia. The company forayed into steel making in 1915, commissioning its first steelworks at Newcastle, New South Wales. After World War I, BHP continued to diversify, forming a shipping fleet, as well as acquiring coal mines and additional reserves of iron ore and limestone. Furthermore, BHP acquired companies that manufactured finished steel products. BHP expanded its steel production in 1935 by acquiring Australian Iron and Steel and its Port Kembla steelworks. A few years later, BHP established blast furnace and shipbuilding facilities at Whyalla, South Australia. In 1967, BHP entered the petroleum industry with a major oil discovery in Bass Strait, off the southeastern coast of Australia.Through the 1970s and 1980s, BHP enhanced its offshore operations by acquiring Utah International, comprising coal mines in New Mexico and Queensland, as well as discovering copper in Chile. In the 1990s, BHP acquired several companies, opened new mines, commenced new petroleum production, and strengthened its steel operations. Billiton Billiton was formed in 1860. It became a global mining company with a portfolio of mining and metals assets. In 1860, the company acquired the concession to a tin-rich island in the Indonesian archipelago near Sumatra. The island was called Billiton (now Belitung). Billiton initially ventured into tin and lead smelting in The Netherlands, followed by bauxite mining in Indonesia and Suriname, in the 1940s. In 1970, the Royal Dutch/Shell group of companies acquired Billiton. Throughout the 1990s and beyond, Billiton experienced considerable growth. In 1997, Billiton became a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. BHP and Billiton merged to form BHP Billiton Group (BHP Billiton) in 2001. In the same year, the group announced its intentions to establish an energy business to complement its mining activities. In 2002, BHP Steel commenced trading on the Australian Stock Exchange as a separate listed company after the de-merger was approved by shareholders and the courts. Business Description BHP Billiton operates nine customer sector groups (CSGs) aligned with the commodities which it extracts and markets. They are base metals, petroleum, iron ore, energy coal, aluminum, stainless steel materials, metallurgical coal, manganese, and diamonds and specialty products. Figure 1: Customer Sector Groups(CSG) at BHP Billiton Ltd The base metals CSG produces copper, silver, lead, uranium, and zinc. It provides copper, lead, and zinc concentrates to smelters worldwide. The petroleum CSG comprises oil and natural gas exploration, production, and development in Australia, the US, Algeria, Trinidad and Tobago, Pakistan, and the Gulf of Mexico. It also conducts an international exploration and development program as well as markets crude oil, condensate, liquefied petroleum gases, natural gas, and liquefied natural gas to customers globally. The iron ore CSG is one of the leading suppliers of seaborne iron ore globally. Its operations comprise Western Australia Iron Ore (WAIO) business and a 50% interest in the Samarco joint venture with Vale in Brazil. BHP Billitons energy coal CSG produces, markets, and exports thermal coal (steaming coal). The group operates three sets of assets: a group of mines and associated infrastructure collectively known as BHP Billiton Energy Coal South Africa (BECSA), New Mexico Coal operations in the US, and Hunter Valley Energy Coal operations in New South Wales, Australia. The aluminum CSG is engaged in the production of aluminum, bauxite, and alumina. It has four aluminum smelters in South Africa, Mozambique, and Brazil; and three alumina refineries and three bauxite mining operations in Australia, Suriname, and Brazil. BHP Billiton is one of the largest producers of primary aluminum. The stainless steel materials CSG supplies a variety of nickel products to the global steel industry. In addition, it also supplies nickel and cobalt to other markets including the specialty alloy, foundry, chemicals, and refractory material industries. The segment produces nickel and cobalt at Yabulu and Nickle West in Australia and Cerro Matoso in Columbia. BHP Billitons manganese operations produce a combination of ores, alloys, and metal from sites in South Africa and Australia. The group owns and manages all of its manganese mining assets and alloy plants through 60-40 joint ventures with an Anglo-American joint venture known as Samancor Manganese. The diamonds and specialty products CSG comprises the businesses of diamonds and titanium minerals, and the exploration and development of a potash business. The groups Ekati Diamond Mine, of which it owns 80%, is located in the Canadian Northwest Territories and produces over 3million carats of rough diamonds annually. SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Strong market position Diversified revenue stream Centralized marketing activities Safety concerns at Western Australia Iron Ore (WAIO) operations Opportunities Threats Expansion of potash operations in Canada Consolidation of Western Australian iron ore assets of BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto Proposed joint venture with PT Adaro Energy for Indonesian coal project Reduction in demand from China Environmental issues Intense competition Strengths Strong market position BHP Billiton enjoys a dominant position in the metal and mining industry. The group has a global presence with more than 100 operations in 25 countries. The groups CSG organization structure has enabled the group to own and operate significantly profitable mineral resources across the globe. BHP Billitons strong presence and leadership position in a number of significant markets gives the group a substantial competitive advantage and also increases its cross selling opportunities. Diversified revenue stream BHP Billitons revenue stream is diversified in terms of business lines and geographies. The group generates revenues through nine business segments. In FY2009, the iron ore segment accounted for 20.5% of the total revenues, metallurgical coal accounted for 16.6%, petroleum 14.6%, base metals 14.6%, and energy coal 13.4%. Aluminium accounted for 8.5% of the total revenues in FY2009, manganese accounted for 5.2%, and stainless steel materials 4.8% The diamonds and specialty products segment accounted for the remaining 1.8% of the revenues in FY2009. The groups diversified business lines give it competitive advantage over its competitors by insulating the group against adverse market conditions in any one of the metal markets. Further, its worldwide presence reduces exposure to economic conditions or political stability in any single country or region. Centralized marketing activities The customer-centric marketing operations of BHP Billiton are centralized in Singapore, The Hague and Antwerp. The Singapore office focuses on the Asian energy market, base metals, stainless steel materials and carbon steelmaking raw materials. The Hague office focuses on aluminium, petroleum, energy marketing and freight, while the Antwerp office serves diamonds customers globally. These three marketing offices incorporate all the functions encompassing product marketing and distribution from the point of production to final customer delivery. In addition, specialized marketers are located in 20 regional offices worldwide. The groups centralized marketing operations increase the efficiency of the marketing activities with each office managing end to end marketing activities of certain CSGs. Therefore, efficient logistics capability and expertise in trading and transaction structuring through centralized marketing activities enhance the groups product offerings. Weaknesses Safety concerns at Western Australia Iron Ore (WAIO) operations The group has been facing safety issues at its Western Australia Iron Ore (WAIO) operations. There were five fatalities at the groups operations in the Pilbara from July 2008 to April 2009. Addressing the concerns BHP Billiton Iron Ore announced some actions that include reducing site access, improving contractor management, enhancing existing strategies to prevent excess working hours, moving rail operations from the Mine Safety and Inspection Act to the Rail Safety Act, enhancing traffic management standards and suspending all non-essential work outside daylight hours. It had also ordered an extensive independent expert investigation of safety systems at all WAIOs operations. Such incidents could negatively impact the groups reputation or license to operate. Opportunities Expansion of potash operations in Canada Building a strong potash resource position is one of the key strategies of BHP Billiton. The group has been pursuing opportunities to acquire operations that are a strategic fit with its potash operations in Canada and are aligned with its strategy of developing Tier 1, long life, low-cost, expandable assets. The rising demand for fertilizers coupled with the capital-intensive nature of greenfield potash developments makes potash a viable addition to the groups portfolio. Consolidation of Western Australian iron ore (WAIO) assets of BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto signed a non-binding agreement to establish a production joint venture covering the entirety of both companies Western Australian iron ore (WAIO) assets, in June 2009. The joint venture would combine adjacent mines into single operations and reduce costs through shorter rail hauls and more efficient allocations of port capacity. In addition, it will blend opportunities which will maximize product recovery and provide further operating efficiencies. It will also optimize future growth opportunities through the development of consolidated, larger and more capital efficient expansion projects. These will result in substantial synergies for both the groups. The net present value of these unique production and development synergies is expected to be in excess of $10 billion. Proposed joint venture with PT Adaro Energy for Indonesian coal project BHP Billiton entered into binding agreements to create a new joint venture for its Indonesian Coal Project (ICP) with a subsidiary of PT Adaro Energy TBK (Adaro), in March 2010. Adaro will acquire a 25% interest in the ICP joint venture. BHP Billiton holds the remaining 75%. The ICP covers seven Coal Contracts of Work located in East and Central Kalimantan in Indonesia. Adaro is Indonesias second largest thermal coal producer and has operations near the ICP.Through this joint venture, the group can leverage the expertise of a strong local player for the successful development of the metallurgical coal interests in Indonesia. Threats Reduction in demand from China The global commodity market is driven by Chinese demand and a slowdown in the Chinese economy could adversely affect the prices of commodities. China is a significant consumer of commodities like iron ore and copper. Chinas demand for these commodities has been driving global materials demand over the past decade. Though the increase in commodity demand is a significant business opportunity to the group, BHP Billitons exposure to Chinas economic fortunes and economic policies has increased. China contributed 19.7% ($9.9 billion) to the groups total revenues in FY2009. Environmental issues BHP Billiton is one of the major producers of energy-related products such as energy coal, oil, gas, liquefied natural gas, and uranium. Energy is also a significant input in the groups mining and processing operations. The carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel-based energy consumption contribute to global warming, greenhouse effects, and climate change. Many governments have introduced regulatory changes to address the impacts of climate change. BHP Billitons petroleum assets in the UK are currently subject to the EU ETS. To address climate change, the Australian Government has announced the introduction of a national emissions trading scheme by 2010 and a mandatory renewable energy target of 20% by the year 2020. In other regions, the current and emerging climate change regulation could affect energy prices, and demand and margins for carbon intensive products. The compliance costs and in some cases remedial costs could increase the groups operational costs which in turn could affect its operating margins. Consequently, these regulatory mechanisms could adversely impact the cost, production and financial performance of the groups operations. Intense competition BHP Billiton faces intense competition in the metals and mining industry. The metals and mining industry tends towards concentration. Within each segment, large multinational companies dominate. Moreover, this is a cyclical industry, which suggests that the current high growth rate is unlikely to be sustained. Industry margins are susceptible to changes in raw material prices, with iron ore prices expected to rise in the next few years, and the industry is also vulnerable to rises in the price of energy, one of its main costs. The group faces competition from Newmont Mining, a US based gold producer and Xstrata, a UK-based natural resources company with presence in coal, copper, zinc, alloys, and other businesses. The group also faces competition from UK-based ThyssenKrupp. Intense competition in the industry could lead to loss of market share and put pressure on the groups margins. Chapter 2: Prospective Analysis of Ravensthorpe Nickel mine Ravensthorpe Ravensthorpe Nickel mine is located 35 Km from the town of Ravensthorpe. The mine is a combination of three ore bodies located close to the surface in the form of limonite and saprolite deposits of Nickel and Cobalt. The three ore bodies have a proven reserve of 125.3Mt at 0.73% nickel and 0.032% cobalt, and a probable reserve 137.9Mt at 0.57% nickel and 0.026% cobalt, giving a total of 263.3Mt at 0.65% Ni and 0.029% Co. The reserves ensured a project life of 21 years[1]. BHP Billiton commenced a feasibility study in 2002 into opening a nickel and cobalt mine and processing plant. The project was approved in 2004 and construction commenced shortly afterward. The project involved open-pit mining from three nickel deposits, and a hydrometallurgical process plant to produce up to 50,000t of contained nickel and 1,400t of contained cobalt per annum in a mixed hydroxide intermediate product (MHP) for further processing at BHP Billitons Yabulu Nickel Refinery in Queensland[1]. The plant known as the Ravensthorpe Nickel Project was commissioned in late 2007 with first production occurring in October and the first 5000 tonnes being produced by December 2007. What made Ravensthorpe Nickel Project particularly attractive? Market Price of Nickel Figure 1 shows the Nickel price distribution over a 4 year period from 2000 to 2004. As seen, the price of Nickel showed a steady upward trend over the 4 year period. With then metals market still in boom coupled with the heavy demand from China, the Nickel price would have been a major driver for BHP Billiton to move ahead with the project at Ravensthorpe.Nickel Price_2000to2004.jpg 1. http://www.mining-technology.com/projects/bhp-ravensthorpe/ accessed on 20-5-2010 Yabulu Refinery at Townville, Queensland QNI Yabulu Refinery is located 25 kilometres northwest of Townsville. The ore is shipped to the Port of Townsville where QNI has its own materials handling facility, and then transported by rail to Yabulu Refinery.Yabulu has an annual processing capacity of around 3.6 million wet tonnes of lateritic ore. Its annual production in 2003 was 31,200 tonnes of nickel and 1900 tonnes of cobalt. The refinery is one of the largest nickel/cobalt processing plants in the world and a leader in nickel hydrometallurgy.Yabulu Refinery carries-out two major functions ore processing and ore refining to produce products for sale in the global market [1]. Chinese growth story Needless to say that Chinese growth has been driving most of the Worlds demand markets. Steel being a primary component of construction, Chinas thrust for Steel has been essentially insatiable over the past decade. Chart 1 below shows the Steel suppliers distribution of China. As seen, 90% of the imports come from Asia. Nickel forms an important component of stainless steel manufacturing and the location of Ravensthorpe and Yabulu refineries provided a strategic advantage to BHP Billiton. Distribution of chinese stainless steel suppliers.jpg Chart : Chinas Steel supplier distribution 1. The Ravensthorpe Nickel Project and Yabulu refinery expansion Overview 2004, BHP Billiton. PESTEL Framework Analysis of Ravensthorpe BHP Billiton Ltd Political Support from Government of Western Australia Economic Market price of Nickel Cost price of production of Nickel from Ravensthorpe Available cost of capital for BHP Billiton Profitability from the mine over a long term Social Establishment of infrastructure for the town of Ravensthorpe to attract skilled staff Maintaining good relations with the local communities Technological Combination of Pressure acid leach and atmospheric leach extraction techniques to optimize Nickel extraction Environmental NA Legal NA A PESTEL analysis is used to analyze the macro environment of a firm. Factors contributing for Ravensthorpes success have been tabulated in the table 1. As seen, the economic and social factors form the key drivers for BHP Billiton. The firm is focused to gain a significant market share in Nickel business and the strategic advantage of Ravensthorpe acts as a silver lining for this market. Though the Pressure leach and atmospheric leach have been tried and tested in Zinc industry, the application of that process in Ravensthorpe will provide BHP Billiton with a strategic advantage to cut down on Yabulus processing costs. PESTEL analysis has revealed that economy of production and strategic location of Ravensthorpe form key drivers for BHP Billiton in Nickel industry and will help the firm focus on attaining its market share in Nickel industry. 5 force analysis Michaels 5 force analysis is a very powerful tool which helps in analysing the environment of an industry. It depicts the levels of competition, attractiveness of the industry and also details pertaining to suppliers, buyer and substitutes. Analysing a competitive environment is a systematic examination of all the levels of the environment: Figure : 5 Forces of a Competitive Environment Threat of competition Competition is very high in the Nickel industry as there is very low product differentiation among the various rivals. The focus of major companies has been to be competitive on the basis of their unit price and the profits they make, because of the fact that only the company that can be cheapest in the market place can survive. BHP Billiton over the years has developed a successful reputation which gives it a clear edge over the others. The chart below gives an idea about the competitors in the market. The chart or graph is scaled based on the amount of nickel extracted. It is also clear that the top 5 organisations produce 70% of world nickel production. By considering a broader scenario it is possible to analyse the companies in terms of the strategic space occupies in the global market. The more crowded a spot become the competition becomes cut throat. NORILSK VALE INCO XSTRATA BHP BILLITON JINCHUAN COST LOW LOW HIGH HIGH Performance CUSTOMER BARGAINING POWER Information is widely available to the customers and thus has made the customers quite powerful and in the end, the customer is the only person who puts money into the supply chain. In todays world it is very hard to find an entity called loyal customer as the customers frequently shift loyalty based on circumstances making life harder for companies. Customers normally refers to the global demand for nickel. If the demand is high then the profitability would be high orelse vice versa. As a result it leads to : Lack of differentiation in the market Cut throat competition Low switching costs Supplier Bargaining Power In the nickel industry, the companies have their own nickel mines. The outputs are processed to produce the respective nickel products as a result of which the supply chain reduces the unit cost and culminates the suppliers bargaining power. Supplier here refers to the supply of raw materials for the production of nickel products. Threat of substitution: In most cases, substitutes for nickel would result in increased cost or a tradeoff in performance of the product. Aluminium, coated steels, plain chromium steels, and plastics are some of the substitutes which can replace nickel in some places but not effectively. Nickel-free specialty steels are used instead of stainless steel in some cases but have proven to be expensive.As long as there is high demand for stainless steel there would be demand for nickel as it is a major constituent. As a result of this, the threat of substitution is low. THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS For maintaining the profitability, a company needs to develop economies of scale. Increased competition makes it difficult for new entrants to achieve the levels of economies of scale for sustainable and viable operation in a market. High capital required for the setting up of the industry also prevents investment. Thereby resulting in destructive rivalry among the competitors. Infrastructure setup cost- High Rapid change in technology High entry barriers. The following chart depicts the results of the 5 force analysis: Chapter 3: What went wrong at Ravensthorpe? Methodology of analysis An analysis of the company reports over the last 3 years of the mines establishment will be reviewed and excerpts from the same will be used to come up with the reason for closure of the mine.

Inequality of Wealth and Income Distribution in America Essay -- essay

Inequality of Wealth and Income Distribution in America Every American dreams of finding a job that pays well enough so that they may comfortably take care of their loved ones and themselves for years to come. Most Americans hope to find some way to make a living that they enjoy, something that they view as productive. Unfortunately, many do not have this luxury. In our society, a good portion of the population is forced to hold the base of our country in place while hardly being redeemed for their time and effort, and thus the problem of income inequality. Numbers of these people live from paycheck to paycheck, barely getting by, not because they manage their money poorly, but because the value of their time at work is negligible. Some may even sacrifice happiness at work to find a job that pays better simply because they cannot make ends meet at their current job. Some people sacrifice their sanity and eventually their life just to keep from going under financially. Segregation in income distribution is another cause of these proble ms, such as that with women or African-Americans who make less than other classes comparatively. In contrast, actors and actresses make millions in the entertainment industry, an industry that grosses hundreds of millions of dollars a year creating what adds up to be the same kind of entertainment most people could get out of watching their children play sports or sing in a choir. The question then is how to find the value of work and time in our society and what should determine income. Positive reasons for income inequality are hard to find. One reason is the incentives there are to achieving higher status of income. You are regarded as successful in the eyes of your peers, and if you financial security is achieved, your life can be a lot less stressful. It is the pursuit of these incentives, this kind of greed, which keeps the economy running strongly. People work hard if they will be rewarded for it, so they pursue a higher education to get better jobs, to create a business, and we all benefit from that. An article, The Truth About Income Inequality by John H. Hinderaker and Scott W. Johnson, which is based completely on statistics from the government, proves that income has not fallen for Americans. In fact, the distribution of income is no worse than it has ever been, and certainly better than when the count... ... If everyone in this nation were aware of the influence that income inequality has on the people’s lives, many would be surprised and outraged. While the incentive’s and rewards of higher income are what fuels the economy, and what raises our standard of living, reaching that level of income has been difficult in the past and seems to be getting worse. Income inequality has been on the rise since the 1960’s, according to the graph of the Gini index, a statistical index of (in)equality. Those incentives of higher income are becoming scarce and costly, and many people think it isn’t worth the work to reach it. The larger the gap between the social classes, the more prominent social classification becomes, and the more we, as citizens and human beings, should be prepared to make a stand for the basic right of standard of living that was initiated by our independence. Works Cited The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap (Fall 2014) http://www.aauw.org/research/the-simple-truth-about-the-gender-pay-gap/ John H. Hinderaker and Scott W. Johnson, â€Å"The Truth About Income Inequality† http://www.americanexperiment.org/publications/reports/the-truth-about-income-inequality

Maritime Law :: essays research papers

Maritime Law The value of many shipments depends upon fluctuations in the currency rates, freight, handling charges, and other expenses. By means of insurance protection will be provided to goods from any uncontrollable variables. A contract of Marine Insurance is defined by section 7 of the Marine Insurance Act of 1909 as: "A contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, the losses incident to marine adventure." The purpose of marine insurance is to provide protection against financial loss for an amount, which is as close as possible to the actual loss recognized. Marine insurance is a contract by which one party for a specified consideration promises to pay another party a sum of money on the loss of goods that are subject to marine transport. Therefore marine insurance is a contract of indemnity, which is a contract of reimbursement, and the amount redeemable is measured by the extent of the assured's or the insured's financial loss. The terms and conditions of the contract entered into with the insurer determine the amount of reimbursement that is to be received by the insured. A contract of marine insurance is embodied in a policy, which specifies: "1- The name of the insured, or of some person who effects the insurance on his behalf. 2- The subject matter insured and the risk insured against. 3- The voyage, or period of time, or both, as the case may be, covered by the insurance. 4- The sum or sums insured. 5- The names of the insurers." The promissor in an insurance contract is called the insurer or underwriter, the person to whom the promise is made is the insured, assured or the policyholder and finally the contract is referred as the policy. In order to avoid these situations marine cargo insurance has different coverage for different purposes. http://uniserve.edu.au/law/pub/icl/marincon/MarineInsuranceandCargoCla.html http://ra.irv.uit.no/trade_law/documents/insurance/mia_1906/art/mia_1906.html#01 General Average Loss 55 Section 72(1) says that a general average loss is any loss or damage voluntarily incurred for the general safety of the ship and cargo. For example, where goods are thrown overboard in a storm for the purposes of saving a ship, and the rest of the cargo. The Admiral Zmajevic (1983) 2 LLR 86. 56 Section 72(3) says that the several persons interested in the ship, freight and cargo must contribute rateably to indemnify the person whose goods have been sacrificed against all but his proportion of the general loss. 1.Does your policy cover perils? 2.Does it cover war risks and riots? Due to events like the Los Angeles 3.Does it cover? Nature of Marine Insurance

gatdream Death of the American Dream in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Death of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby The American Dream embodies the belief that each person can succeed in life on the basis of his own skills and effort. This idea awakes and develops during the 18th and 19th centuries - a period of fast development in the United States. The issues of growth, progress and money become a major theme in American society, which is why Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby focuses on this problem. Through the characters Daisy Buchanan and Jay Gatsby, the author impressively presents a failure in achieving this dream. The collapse of Gatsby's attempt to win Daisy proves that dreams, money and blind faith in life's possibilities, are not enough for a man to reach his goals. Gatsby perceives Daisy as a rich, beautiful and charming young lady, who represents the perfect woman. This ideal inspires his love and evokes his dream to reach her. He is a poor and uneducated young man, without any past. This is why Gatsby is impressed by the glamour and careless gayety that surrounds Daisy. That veneration is expressed in his words: "I was flattered that she wanted to speak to me, because of all the other girls I admired her most." The beauty of her life, fill Gatsby's mind with passionate sense of mystery and love. He sees Daisy as an "excitingly desirable" woman, which makes him thrilled, but at the same time unsure about the future. Even though he feels she is unreachable, he keeps his hope, which inspires him to fight for her. Gatsby's ambition represents the American Dream. He believes that despite his empty past and lack of education, he can succeed on the basis of his abilities, hard work and money. Gatsby does everything - legal and illegal in order to gain the wealth and property that will win him Daisy. The source of his money is unclear, and as Tom Buchanan suggests he is a "bootlegger". This denotes that Gatsby is determined to achieve his goal and is ready to put all the efforts needed to accomplish his high set aim. He has a blind hope in the abilities of life - he trusts that money can buy him Daisy's love.

Marxian Economics

Our work aims to research a modern development of Marxian economics, primarily at the theoretical level and make clear how do Marxs’ â€Å"laws of motion† of capitalism relate to Schumpeter’s views of imperialism. † Marx was a German journalist, exiled in London, who combined significantly different intellectual traditions in order to explain economic systems, including German philosophy, French political theory, and English political economy. Joseph Schumpeter was an Austrian scholar who was very critical of, yet much taken with, his predecessor, com/compare-and-contrast-karl-marxs-and-walt-rostows-theories/">Karl Marx, whose focus on historical analysis he admired and emulated.They both believed that capitalism is a stage of economic development in which the potential of humankind cannot fully develop. Both came to the study of economics questioning the fundamental assumptions of existing economic theory, and thus each took more of economic theory to be p roblematic than did most economic theorists. Both conceptualized the capitalist system as a whole, yet with the realization that the economic realm hardly constitutes the totality of human experience and thought.The real issue, which may indeed appear to have its scandalous aspect, arises when great economists direct their attention to what I shall call the cosmological problem of economics—namely, the social configurations of production and distribution (if you will, the macro and micro patterns) that ultimately emerge from the self-directed activities of individuals. What is remarkable about Marx and Schumpeter is that they are among the very few who have proposed solutions to this problem of an imagination and scope comparable to that of Smith, but that their resolutions differ from one another almost totally.In Marx's schema the system is destined to pass through successive crises that both alter its socioeconomic texture and gradually set the stage for a final collapse. Marx described his view of capitalism in â€Å"The Communist Manifesto† (1848), a social vision that, as Schumpeter points out, underlies Marx's life-long research program. In the introduction to his â€Å"Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy† (1850), Marx gave the clearest and most succinct description of his method of historical analysis, referred to by others as historical materialism.According to Marx, historical development is a progression of epochs, each distinguished by a particular mode of production, a â€Å"way of life,† based on the level of technology and division of labor (the forces of production) and a corresponding set of class (social) relations of production. For any epoch, any mode of production, according to Marx, the development of the forces and relations of production forms the foundation of social life. With the production of surplus over subsistence, classes emerge and develop, divided conceptually by Marx into producing an d non-producing (exploiting) classes.Social change is propelled by class conflict, that is, the struggle related to the contradictions between the developing technical forces of production and the existing class relations which act to impede this development. Socioeconomic development involves the transformation of class relations, which in turn enables the new dominant ruling class to exert control over resources and productive labor. Marx claims that the transition from one mode of production to the next is fundamentally revolutionary because the new mode of production is a qualitatively different social formation organized around new laws of development.Furthermore, the transition is one of violent, wrenching changes in social status, power, and legal rights. â€Å"The history of all society that has existed hitherto,† Marx firmly asserted, â€Å"is the history of class struggles† (1904 : 45). For instance, Marx describes the transition from the feudal to the capita list mode of production as a long period of conflict and bloodshed in which old class relations give way to new ones, a period in which primitive accumulation creates capitalists and expropriation creates a mass of wage-workers.Class-divided society proscribes the satisfaction of â€Å"truly human† needs because production is based on exploitation of the producing classes by the non-producing classes. Emancipation of humankind requires an end to this exploitation which, according to Marx, becomes possible with the development of the capitalist mode of production, which polarizes society into a small capitalist ruling class and a working class of exploited wage-workers who make up the vast majority of the population.Marx defines capitalism as a system of commodity production—production for exchange and profit—based on a system of wage-labor. Capitalists own the means of production and hire workers who must sell their labor power because they have no control over the means of subsistence or means of production. Capitalist development is dominated by capitalist control over production to accumulate capital. Capitalists are interested in production for profit rather than for use.This motivation means that the system as a whole operates to expand exchange value, market value, the money capitalists receive for the commodity production they control. According to Marx, this motivation to accumulate capital, that is, exchange value, creates contradictions in a system of unregulated market exchange because commodities are a unity of opposites. They are both useful objects to be consumed in the process of reproducing the material needs of the society and exchange values representing part of the socially produced value created through the social division of labor.This â€Å"value,† that is, embodied labor, â€Å"objectified abstract homogenous labor,† regulates the exchange value or price of each commodity. Commodity prices reflect the m agnitude of value, of â€Å"socially necessary† labor used to produce the commodity. Each commodity is a â€Å"social product† in that its production is dependent on a complex social division of labor that determines its labor cost, the amount of socially necessary labor time that goes into producing it.Marx sees contradictions in capitalism because, for the system as a whole to create a steady accumulation of capital over time, it must also create just the right combinations of different use values, specific useful products, to generate the growth in capital year to year. Marx recognizes capitalism as the most productive mode of production in history, because capitalists control the surplus product over and above the needs of simple reproduction of the existing level of output, and they use the surplus mainly to expand production and to increase productivity.Marx characterizes capitalism thus: the ascendance of industrial capitalists whose profits are based on exploit ation of wage workers through the extraction of surplus labor; revolutionary changes in the forces of production (technology and the division of labor) and therefore dramatic, continuing increases in productivity; capital accumulation fed by a growing mass of surplus value controlled by capitalists; increasing subordination and dependence of workers on capital; continual deterioration of workers' working and living conditions; and increasing competition for available jobs from a growing reserve army of unemployed workers.Other characteristics of a capitalist system for Marx include a tendency toward a declining average rate of profit; expansion of nonproductive but necessary commercial and financial capital; new forms of monopoly; extension of the capitalist mode of production to create a world market and worldwide capitalist system; uneven development of capitalism geographically so that at any time the existence of newly developing capitalist sectors provide fresh opportunities fo r capitalist exploitation; periodic trade cycles; and less frequent convulsive general crises of the system.In selling their labor power, wage-workers give up any right to the output they produce so that in capitalist production, objectification, the production of material objects, becomes alienation. Furthermore, in alienating their labor, the workers produce commodities that become capital, that is, the capitalists' source of power over the workers. Thus in capitalism, alienation brings about reification. Also, workers give up control over the labor process and therefore over their own productive activity, so much so that labor becomes a burden, and workers work to live instead of live to work.The accumulation of capital, representing the realization of man's essential powers, becomes for the wage-workers a loss of their reality, which for Marx connotates sociality. Marx shows that alienated labor means alienated man, devaluation of life, loss of human reality. Only the working cl ass can bring about this fundamental change because only workers gain this insight through their historical-social situation. According to Peter Drucker (1983: 125), Schumpeter considered himself the â€Å"son† of Marx.Schumpeter devoted himself to promoting scientific progress in economics, through theoretical, historical, and statistical contributions, on the one hand, and teaching and critical analysis of economic doctrine on the other. In his History of Economic Analysis (1954) Schumpeter‘s epistemology may be summarized as follows: 1. He had great faith in science, which he defined as â€Å"technique† and â€Å"tooled knowledge. † 2. Schumpeter was a great advocate of mathematical and econometric methods in economics. 3.In his History of Economic Analysis, Schumpeter had already outlined the major points of the Popper/Kuhn/Lakatos debate: the tension between conservatism and change that is inherent in scientific revolutions; the usefulness of both ten dencies. 4. Schumpeter was a positivist, but he accepted both verification and falsification as tests of a theory. 5. Schumpeter was anti-instrumentalist. He did not see the purpose of science as simple prediction but believed that the truth of assumptions does matter. 6.Schumpeter appears to have held contradictory views of the impact of ideology on economic analysis. He considered the intrusion of politics and ideology in economics as the major cause of â€Å"misconduct† in science. These apparently contradictory views represent, in my opinion, a defense of economics against Marx's evaluation of it as â€Å"bourgeois ideology. † Schumpeter agrees with Marx and credits him with the discovery that ideas tend to be historically conditioned, reflecting the class interest of the writer.Schumpeter claims, however, that ideological bias is not solely caused by the economic element in class position, and that social position is not shaped entirely by class interest (1954:10) . Thus, despite the fact that ideology affects the focus and the content of economic writings, analysis is not bourgeois ideology. Thus, Schumpeter believed that even Marx and Marxists contribute to progress in economic analysis. It was important to Schumpeter to acknowledge his debt to Marx, and apparently crucial to him that he refute the revolutionary basis and purpose of Marx's work.Schumpeter adopts what he takes to be Marx's research program and, like him, attempts to uncover the laws of motion of capitalist development. His purpose is clearly to defuse Marx's theory of revolution by converting it to a theory of evolution. Schumpeter accepts the structure and some of the content of Marx's economic sociology (the theory of origins and transitions) and economics (the theory of markets and mechanisms). Schumpeter's social vision as depicted in the Theory of Economic Development rejects—in fact inverts—important relationships of Marx's social and economic vision.In à ¢â‚¬Å"The Communist Manifesto in Sociology and Economics† (1949b), Schumpeter paid homage to Marx's contribution to economic sociology, which he considered to be the prescientific theorizing necessary to the research program they both pursued. In this article, he also suggests the theoretical basis for his revision of Marx. Schumpeter analyzes the scientific content of the Manifesto, which contains Marx's social vision, and he then identifies three of Marx's important contributions (however â€Å"warped by ideological bias†) to economic sociology.Schumpeter points out that Marx identified the necessary theoretical ingredients of the economic sociology in which to embed an economic theory of capitalist development: (1) a theory of history (which for Marx, according to Schumpeter, was an economic interpretation of history); (2) a theory of class (in which, for Marx, social classes and class relations become the pivot of the historical process); and (3) a theory of the sta te (which Schumpeter says shows Marx's understanding of the state even though Schumpeter believes that Marx recognized these tendencies only in the bourgeois state) (p. 09).Schumpeter criticizes Marx for his attachment to his social vision, his inability to revise his social vision in the light of contradictory scientific evidence. Clearly, it was Schumpeter's intent to counteract Marx and serve science by converting Marx's program into positivist science. This required building economic analysis on a social vision that is scientifically acceptable. In accepting a Marxian research program (analysis of the historical development, the internal dynamics, of capitalism), Schumpeter also had to use the structure of Marx's economic sociology.He needed a theory of history, of social class, and of the state to describe the development of the economically relevant institutions. But Schumpeter rejected much of the content of Marx's theory, including what he considered to be Marx's economic de termininism, that is, the analysis of change in social structures in terms of economic change alone; Marx's theory of class relations, that class conflict is the motive force behind economic and social change; and Marx's critique of the state, which was directed only at the bourgeois state.Also Schumpeter rejected Marx's class conflict and revolutionary theory. He could hardly envision the working class becoming a revolutionary class, that is, becoming the subjects of history, the major actors and motive force for change. Instead, he substituted his own theory of class and class relations based on his ideas about leadership and followership in which entrepreneurs carry out the â€Å"new combinations† that promote capitalist development. Schumpeter accepted Marx's materialist, dialectical view of history, the view that people create their own history through choice, concerted action, and struggle.He also recognized that history must be dialectical if it is evolutionary. Human subjects react to and change history. Change occurs through opposition and adaptation and learning. He objected to Marx's purely economic definition of class based on individuals' relations to the means of production, a definition he believed to be at the basis of Marx's economic determinism. Schumpeter paraphrased Marx's theory thus: â€Å"the social process of production determines the class relations of the participants and is the ‘real foundation' of the legal, political, or simply factual class positions attached to each.Thus the logic of any given structure of production is ipso facto the logic of the social superstructure† (1949b: 206). Schumpeter also rejects Marx's view that class relations are exclusively antagonistic, and that antagonisms among groups are exclusively based on distinctions of economic classes. He believes that there are multiple classes in capitalist society, just as there were in earlier epochs. There is a strong family resemblance here to Sc humpeter's vision of capitalism as an evolutionary process of creative destruction. The innovative function certainly plays a vital role in Marx's laws of motion.This bring Marx into the picture in a way that attempts to minimize the distance between him and Schumpeter and which is consistent with Schumpeter's well-known admiration for Marx. They are both concerned with the dynamics of development, and although they come from the opposite ends of the political spectrum, their similarities are profound and stand as an affront to the modern theory of static equilibrium in the Walrasian tradition. In the vision of capitalism as a dynamic process, Marx and Schumpeter share common ground, not just in their appreciation of capitalism, but also in their attempt to construct a truly dynamic economics.Marx and Schumpeter set the economic process into historical time. This is more than just adding a â€Å"t† subscript on all the variables of a model, and it is clearly different from pr oducing a growth model, although a growth model may be a useful aspect of a dynamic analysis. It means that the analysis does not violate the fundamental reality of time that the future follows the present and is unknowable, while the present has a past that is knowable and has caused the present to be what it is. In such a world disequilibrium and/or equilibrium-destroying events would be the central concern of the theorist.Thus, for both Marx and Schumpeter, capitalism has a past and is tending toward a future that is imminent in the configuration of forces at work in the present (Schumpeter, 1962: 43). To illustrate, it was capitalism's similarity with feudal and slave relations of production that led Marx to search for an explanation of how exploitation occurs under capitalism. Moreover, it was the vision of historical transformation that supplied the basis of his critique of classical political economy based on the latter's tendency to assume that capitalist production relation s were fixed and external.It is important to note that Schumpeter misses, misunderstands, or rejects Marx's value theory and the basis for Marx's theory of revolution Private property and capital represent a class relation in which wage workers, by selling their labor power, create the capitalist's private property. Furthermore, not only do they create a product that becomes a power over them, but also, by submitting to a work process organized by the capitalist for his own profit, they alienate their life activity, their work. They work to live rather than live to work.They become more and more dependent on the cash nexus of market transactions for their survival and for their satisfactions. They become alienated from their species life, the essence of the life of the human species which is human social development through creative work. Marx's basic argument, which is also an argument about logic, is that for truly human life to be possible, it is necessary (but not necessarily in evitable) for the wage-workers, for the exploited, to revolt. Schumpeter's class theory and theory of value together eliminate the possibility of revolt.It may be true that there is a high correlation between belief in the efficacy of the free market as an allocator of resources and protector of individual freedom and the method of static equilibrium theory to explain the operation of the market. However, as Schumpeter himself stressed many times, the deductions of economic analysis do not logically imply any particular ideological position. Static equilibrium theory no more proves the desirability of the free market than the labor theory proves the desirability of socialism.The fact that Marx and Schumpeter ascribed to radically different ideologies but each believed in the central importance of the evolutionary approach is itself sufficient proof that holding to a conservative, liberal, or radical ideology does not force one into the static equilibrium mold. In his works Marx wrot e about substratum of abstract labor which was an â€Å"essence† of concrete labors. Schumpeter in his â€Å"Imperialism and Social Classes† thought about social process regulated by a hierarchy of talents, organized in social classes (Schumpeter, 1955: 137, 160). In this process bourgeois class must provide the leadership role.

English Elizabethan Novels

The Elizabethan period is primarily known for its drama and poetry rather than its prose fiction, particularly since the advent of the English novel proper does not occur for another century. However, critics have increasingly stressed the importance of prose fiction in the seventeenth century and its role in the development of the novel. Several factors have played an important role in the emergence of the Elizabethan romance. One of the most significant factors in the development of the romance—the most popular form of prose fiction in this period—was the translation of ancient Greek romances into the vernacular. The popularity of these stories influenced members of the university-educated class to create their own stories, albeit with the same Greek plots, pastoral settings, and emphasis on literary wit. The first important milestone of the age was John Lyly's Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit (1578). In this work Lyly developed euphuism, a style of writing which emphasizes rhythm over content and makes extensive use of alliteration, assonance, metaphor, and classical allusion. Many lesser authors imitated this style, which became a defining element of the period. In contrast to Lyly, Sir Philip Sidney in The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (1590), generally thought of as one of the most significant and well-written romances of the time, attempted to create more natural dialogue. Despite this difference, for his plot, style, and setting Sidney is also indebted to Greek literature. Robert Greene, one of the most prolific writers of the period, took his plots directly from Greek romance as well. Sometimes basing his stories in part on his own experiences, Greene wrote more than twenty popular romances including Card of Fancy (1584). Thomas Nashe was influenced by a different source, the picaresque novels of Spain. In these stories the hero, or picaro, is a man of no social standing who is free to travel and engage in adventures. Nashe's most famous works are The Unfortunate Travelor or the Life of Jack Wilton (1594) and The Terrors of the Night (1594). Elizabethan society itself underwent numerous and significant developments during this period, including changes in the social structure of London, a rapid rise in literacy rates, a growing middle class, and the emergence of literate bourgeois tradesmen. These changes are reflected in the content and quantity of prose fiction that was produced during the seventeenth century. Aiming at the growing middle-class audience, many writers imitated best-selling authors and turned out formula romances. The works of the former tradesman Thomas Deloney, including The Pleasant History of John Winchomb in his Younger Years Called Jack of Newbury (1597), for example, were more realistic in plot and setting than other works of the period and probably, according to scholars, created a sense of familiarity among his readers. This focus on the emerging bourgeois class, both as an audience for and a subject of fiction, played a significant role in the emergence of the English novel in the eighteenth

Why women failed to gain the vote between 1900 and 1914?

The women's suffrage movements were originaly from the United States during the 19th Century. In colonial America, as elsewhere(Austrialia and new zealand] in the world particularly Britain, civil law did not recognize the equality of men and women. some men thought that many women were a waste and can never be good as men. During 1900 and 1914 a woman had no legal rights. A married women's belongings belonged to her husband, this included earnings as well as all her property and goods. in other words she was like a mere object in the mans hands. To today's standards this is completely outrageous, in today's society women can expect to be treated exactly as the opposite sex when it comes to work and other things. This is abundant in the rise of popularity of woman's football and female boxing. During the 1800, women were expected to be perfect – in those days a perfect lady would be expected to have a pale face, do absolutely no exercise and have very delicate constitution, they where expected to be good hostesses and certainly know their place in society. Women never even received the same level of education as men. ome women nerver even got eduction. They were considered as being too stupid for higher education. However not all women where satisfied with their position in life. They believed that they were stuck in a vicious circle, which if not impossible, would be very difficult to break out of. The earlier years of the 20th centruary in Britian saw a concerted campaign for the right to vote for women. the women's social and political union, otherwise known as the suffragettes, was founded in 1903 by the Pankhurst family. he campaign for the right to vote for women between 1905 and 1914 became increasingly militant as women were prepared to take direct action, such as distruption of meetings, chaining themselves to railings outside 10 downing street, smashing windows and rioting. at one stage the prime minister,s country house was fire bombed. as a result of this many suffragettes found themselves inside holloway prison where they resorted to hungry strikes. the prison aouthorities responded with forcible feeding. There is no simple answer why the suffrage movement failed between 1900 and 1914, instead, a series of long and short term causes. The main point of this essay is to analyze, as well as discuss these reasons in detail. If possible I will put them in order of importance. women where treated very harshly in the 1900 as they were objects in front on mens eyes. when a woman got married all her belongings wer transfered to her husband and they were now the property of the husband. in other words married women were legally dead in the eyes of the law. omen had no property rights, all thier property was thier husbands. all women were robbed off thier self-confidence and self-respect and this made them totalyy dependent on men. No woman could get eduction since no college or university would accept women students but there were 1 or 2 exceptions. the women wanted the vote becouse they wanted to be equaly nown in public as men. wanted there rights. wanted thier belongings. wanted to be rembered for somethin. wanted to have the right to vote and have a saying in the country. anted people to hear what they have to say about how the country is run. The Suffragists were called the shrieking sisterhood, branded as unfeminine, and accused of immorality and drunkenness. Many citizens and a great deal of newspapers where strongly against ‘The National Union Of Women's Suffrage Societies'. Suffragist leaders were often subjected to physical abuse. Suffragist meetings were repeatedly stormed and disrupted by street gangs. On many occasions the speaker at a suffragist meeting would hold a revolver to discourage possible attacks from the audience. However, it was not only men that were against the suffragist movement, many, if not most upper-class women were against the movement, including Queen Victoria. There were many reasons why anti-suffragists felt this way. The anti-suffragists partly based their assumptions on the difference between the male and female physical abilities; they did not discuss the biological difference because they did not believe it was appropriate for public discussion. Instead, emphasis was put on the ‘fragility' of the women claiming that this is what made her ‘unsuited' for the vote. The physical weakness of the female would be potentially dangerous. They argues that assuming she reached the polling place, she might get caught up in a brawl and given the women's natural fragility, she would be the one to get hurt. Beyond these reasons existed the belief that allowing women to vote would jeopardize the nation's security and lead, ultimately, to war. One leader of the anti-suffragists said: â€Å"Allowing women to vote would lead to foreign aggression and war. † The second areas of difference between men and women which the anti's argued, was the issue of morality. A anti who spoke at a hearing in Connecticut on women's suffrage observed that: â€Å"The most convincing reason I have heard was the one offered by Miss Pearson. ‘We want the ballot, and we want it when we want it. ‘ This shows the depth of intelligence. † The anti-suffragists also predicted that if women were given the vote disastrous results would occur. The antis believed that political involvement would put them in situations were the male vulnerability would be exploited. However, above all the anti-suffragists were afraid about the emotional state of women. Men where described as rational and emotionally stable, women were portrayed as ‘high strung,' tense, irritable and irrational. One anti said that â€Å"when women generally vote and hold office, the desire for publicity and love of the limelight will combine to produce a form of hysteria. † Some took this idea further and argued that since all women suffragists bordered on hysteria there was no need to take their arguments seriously. They said that when women vote, she would let her feelings rather then her intellectual concern be the main reasons for their vote Some more eccentric people said that allowing women to have the vote would breed a nation of transvestites and that women could hide extra voting slips in their ‘voluminous sleeves' The position of certain key political parties was also a huge contributor to why women never got the vote between 1900 and 1914. For if women wanted the vote, ultimately if would have been the MP's that they would have had to convince. Many backbench Liberal MP's were supporters of votes for women, but the Liberal leaders were opposed to it. This was because they feared that, if only better-off, property owning women got the vote, these women would vote for their arch rival, the Conservative party. On the other hand, some conservative leaders, liking the prospect of more conservative voters, were quite keen on women's suffrage. But they took no action because their backbench MP's were completely opposed, on principle, to change the role of women. In addition, both parties had bigger worries then female suffrage. Neither party was prepared to adopt female suffrage as party policy, so it never got priority in parliament. In 1903, many suffragists where angry at the lack of success that had come their way, as a result, a lady called Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst founded a new organization, which was called the Women's Social and Political Union or WSPU in short. The Daily Mail called then the ‘suffragettes' and with them making so many headlines this name became hard to shake off. The suffragettes had the same goal and ambitions as the suffragists, however, they believed that the only way to reach their goal was to become more radical and militant. The suffragettes disrupted political meeting and repeatedly harassed ministers. Asquith, who at that time was a Liberal Prime Minister, came under particularly heavy abuse due to his views on women suffrage. they physically assulted politicans, destroyed paintings in the national gallery and in 1913 emily davison threw herself under the king's horse and was killed. there violent tactics may have lots support for the camaign. After a women's suffrage bill ran out of time in 1908, direct action from the suffragettes began. The suffragettes began making speeches at 10 Downing street, they even chained themselves to railing to stop being moved on, in doing so getting themselves arrested. In that same year stones where thrown thought the windows of 10 Downing street There was however logic behind the violence. The suffragettes believed that the government ignored the calls for women suffrage because there where more important issues. The Suffragettes believed that by becoming more radical and violent the government where forced to listen whether they liked it or not, they believed that processions and petitions, however large, were easily ignored. the goverment di not want to be seen to give in to the violent demandss as this would mak them look weak. There where mixed reactions to the ‘Direct Action' that the Suffragettes employed. Some people where worried, some sympathetic and some were scornful. It was the reaction from the Suffragists that surprised people the most. Many suffragists admired the readiness of suffragettes to go to jail for the cause. When the first suffragette was imprisoned, Mrs. Fawcett put on a banquet for them when they where released. This did not last, for as the Suffragettes got more violent and radical the further apart the two groups got, relationships between then become very strained. The suffragists believed that you cant win the right for a democratic vote by using undemocratic methods, they also believed that the violence would put of the MP's that would have backed their cause. There is no doubt that the increase in violence alienated the support for woman's suffrage. By 1913 many suffragettes where imprisoned. The violence did however achieve one of its goals, it certainly raised the profile of the issue and it could not longer be ignored. But in doing so they damaged the bigger picture, for know there was a reason for their opponents for rejecting woman's suffrage. If the MP's gave in to the violence from the suffragettes what hope will they have when dockers or mine workers riot for higher wages? From 1911 onwards, whenever the issue of woman's suffrage was debated in parliament, there was a bigger majority against women's suffrage. In 1914 Britain declared war in Germany, from August to September many different women's organizations were set up, including the Women's Hospital Corp and the Women's Police Volunteers. This meant that all suffragist and suffragette campaigns had to be halted. I think that the most important reason for why the women suffrage was unsuccessful during 1900 and the 1914 was the fact that, peoples minds at that time where not prepared for such a big advancement, it is true that the suffragettes reduced their chances significantly, but I believe that even if there was no violence the women would have still not got the vote until after the war becouse that is when they really proved themsleves as they helped out greatly in the first world war.